tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51810097002261782092024-03-14T11:19:15.107+01:00Studium generale"Research Blogging" - Evolution / Evolutionary Anthropology / History and SocietyIngo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.comBlogger70125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-63190560881380804952020-01-27T04:03:00.001+01:002020-01-27T04:17:25.941+01:00The Vikings in Eastern Europe - Their Genes, their Coins<div data-contents="true">
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span data-offset-key="bl34j-0-0"><span data-text="true"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span data-offset-key="bl34j-0-0"><span data-text="true"><span style="color: black;"> They had 25 to 50 percent Scandinavian </span></span></span></b></span>ancestry - The high nobility of the Early Middle Ages in the Baltics, in Prussia, Pommerania, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Silesia and - maybe - Bohemia. </span></span></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span data-offset-key="bl34j-0-0"><span data-text="true">Abstract: Archaeogenetics has found scandinavian genes in Viking-associated graves along the Vistula river in Prussia and Poland, also in Russia and Latvia and Ukraine.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span data-offset-key="bbje5-0-0"><span data-text="true">Also arabian coins have found all over this vast region of eastern Euorpe and Eastern Middle Europe. These coins are clearly associated with Viking trade. One center of the distribution of those hoards is Bornholm. And those coins were found also as far western as Czechia.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span data-offset-key="8sk0v-0-0"><span data-text="true">A high ranking warrior grave in Prague (<a href="https://www.archaeology.org/issues/366-2001/trenches/8258-digs-prague-castle-burial">Archaeology</a>) is clearly Viking-associated looking at its items (mostly the sword).*) So there is a good possibility, that there are some Viking genes in the sceleton. In the regions outside Scandinavia the sceletons of the viking-associated graves were mostly not 100% scandinavian. High-ranking vikings mixed with local high-ranking inhabitants and their offspring was influenced by viking culture. This is the picture that begins to emerge since Archaeogenetics has arrived in the field.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span data-offset-key="67nj2-0-0"><span data-text="true">Today the percent of scandinavian genes in Poland is around 6 % as it is in other regions of former viking influence (e.g. the British Isles). I would guess this amount could be higher in the Prussian, Russian, Polish, Silesian, Pommeranian and Czech nobility of today. It would be interesting to see some genetic studies about this theme.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="64kl3-0-0"><span data-text="true">Unfortunately at the moment this article is only available in german language (from here: https://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2019/09/wikinger-gene-in-elite-grabern-gropolens.html). But even so it should be found a lot of information in it, at least in its bibliography and its graphics.</span></span><br />
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<b>Der Hochadel des Frühmittelalters im Baltikum, in Preußen, Pommern, </b><b><b>Rußland, Ukraine, </b>Polen, Schlesien und Böhmen - Stammte er zu einem Viertel bis zur Hälfte von den Wikingern ab? </b><br />
<br />
Seit mehr als hundert Jahren ist es sehr umstritten, in wieweit die frühmittelalterlichen Herrscherhäuser in Osteuropa, bzw. Ostdeutschland von Wikingern abstammen. Zu ihnen gehören <br />
<ul>
<li>das erste polnische Herrscherhaus, die Piasten (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piasten">Wiki</a>),</li>
<li>die vielen schlesischen Herzogshäuser (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesische_Piasten">Wiki</a>), </li>
<li>das erste böhmische Herrscherhaus, die Premysliden (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99emysliden">Wiki</a>), </li>
<li>das erste russische Herrscherhaus, die Rurikiden (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurikiden">Wiki</a>), </li>
<li>die pommersche Herzogsfamilie der Greifen (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammliste_der_Greifen">Wiki</a>), </li>
<li>die westpreußische Herzogsfamilie der Samboriden (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samboriden">Wiki</a>)</li>
<li>die Herzogsfamilie von Rügen (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstentum_R%C3%BCgen">Wiki</a>)</li>
<li>vormalige Herzogs- und Adelsfamilien der Pruzzen (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pru%C3%9Fen">Wiki</a>). </li>
</ul>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqu5TDuOBMRDhlZFaq3Qc81xwU7aK3H4DebrEZVB3PlJq8jQpkXbhJIunGruk1tVRP0whLEKwSeN30mOyREv5KwdAlr6ESNhmOUJs-_sEFmxxjt-UwQ2QK3XNZ65XjfxmEC6alpDniP0Y/s1600/Viking_ship.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="800" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqu5TDuOBMRDhlZFaq3Qc81xwU7aK3H4DebrEZVB3PlJq8jQpkXbhJIunGruk1tVRP0whLEKwSeN30mOyREv5KwdAlr6ESNhmOUJs-_sEFmxxjt-UwQ2QK3XNZ65XjfxmEC6alpDniP0Y/s640/Viking_ship.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abb. 1: Wikinger auf einem Langschiff an der Küste der Isle of Man (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viking_ship.jpg">Wiki</a>) (Fotografiert vom Filmeteam Leo Eaton)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Bezüglich der Piasten gibt es bezüglich solcher Fragen schon seit mehreren Jahren
polnische Forschungen. Deren Ergebnisse sind aber - soweit übersehbar -
bislang nicht veröffentlicht worden (<a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/piastdynasty/about/background">FamilyTreeDNA</a>).
Forschungen zu den Rurikiden beziehen sich bislang - soweit übersehbar -
nur auf den wenig aussagekräftigen Y-chromosomalen Haplotypen (<a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/rurikid/about/background">FamilyTreeDNA</a>).
Viele der genannten Herzogsfamilien sind am Ende des Mittelalters in
der männlichen Hauptlinie ausgestorben. Das muß aber nicht heißen, daß
es nicht heute noch Nachkommen derselben über die weibliche Linie oder
über Nebenlinien geben könnte. Inwieweit es solche der genannten
Herzogshäuser in Schlesien, Pommern, Rügen oder Westpreußen gibt, wäre
sicher eine interessante Fragestellung, die womöglich auch mit Hilfe der
Genetik geklärt werden kann. Überhaupt dürfte durch die Archäogenetik
auf die Geschichte des deutschen Hochadels und Adels manches neue Licht
fallen (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbkrankheiten_beim_Adel">Wiki</a>) (s.a. 23).<br />
<br />
Indem wir über solche Fragen nachdenken, erinnern wir uns, daß sich in der hier auf dem Blog schon behandelten dänischen Studie zur Archäogenetik der Wikinger von vor einem Monat (1, 2) auch diesbezüglich schon erste Ergebnisse finden lassen könnten, die deutlich werden lassen könnten, daß sich solche Fragen in näherer Zukunft besser werden klären lassen als das bisher möglich war. Archäogenetische Erkenntnisse aus Adelsgräbern des siebten Jahrhunderts wie denen der Alemannen (23) oder aus anderen Regionen und Jahrhunderten werden sich in näherer Zukunft detaillierter in Beziehung setzen lassen können zu der Genetik der Adelsfamilien, sowie bäuerlicher und bürgerlicher Familien derselben Regionen.<br />
<br />
In der genannten Wikingerstudie Studie wurden unter anderem 33 Skelette aus dem heutigen
Rußland, vier aus der Ukraine, 40 von der Insel Ösel (Estland), acht aus dem heutigen Polen und fünf aus
Italien untersucht, die aufgrund von Zeitstellung, Grabsitte und
Grabbeigaben sich in kulturellen Zusammenhängen der Wikinger bewegt
haben. Leider war die Gesamtgenom-Sequenzierung für die acht aus dem
heutigen Polen stammenden Skelette - von den sehr spannenden, erst
jüngst ausgegrabenen <span style="color: #38761d;"><b>frühmittelalterlichen
Fundorten an der Weichsel - Bodzia, Sandomir und Krakau - sowie aus Zehden an
der Oder und Czersk in der Kaschubei in Westpreußen</b></span> - nur
für zwei derselben erfolgreich, nämlich für zwei Skelette aus Bodzia.
Aber diese beiden Ergebnisse gewähren - zusammengenommen mit erfolgreichen Sequenzierungen anderer Fundorte in ganz Osteuropa - schon einen recht tiefen Blick,
einen Blick, der einem intuitiv naheliegend erscheint als Gesamtlösung des Problems.<br />
<br />
Indem wir uns zunächst nur für wenige Einzelprobleme auf diesem Forschungsgebiet interessierten, wurde uns nach und nach erst bewußt, wie auch diese Gensequenzierungen den Blick überhaupt erweitern auf die Geschichte der Wikinger in ganz Osteuropa. Und so ist der nachfolgende Blogartikel in den drei Tagen seit seiner Veröffentlichung durch Ergänzungen auf das Doppelte seines Umfangs angewachsen (und wurde im Dezember noch einmal inhaltlich umgestellt, mehr der chronologischen Abfolge der Funde angepaßt).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPLlpjS3KeQwB34Eco4MgOQKr03qYJ0mJgkhAweinkZLqYLDw9G4x_wklHM7uKy3WxtbvugAl7tAQZo_vHxVNKT1cnPAI6FLW-PWTEB2HyhQwlUxhuOsUz0wmxh1NsEg7XYI3Bxavur3E/s1600/Skuldelev_Viking_ship_at_Vikingeskibsmuseet_Roskilde%252C_Denmark.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="800" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPLlpjS3KeQwB34Eco4MgOQKr03qYJ0mJgkhAweinkZLqYLDw9G4x_wklHM7uKy3WxtbvugAl7tAQZo_vHxVNKT1cnPAI6FLW-PWTEB2HyhQwlUxhuOsUz0wmxh1NsEg7XYI3Bxavur3E/s640/Skuldelev_Viking_ship_at_Vikingeskibsmuseet_Roskilde%252C_Denmark.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abb.
2: In Ermangelung einer Rekonstruktions-Zeichnung der
eindrucksvollen Schiffsbestattung von 38 Wikingern bei Saalme auf der Insel Ösel: Hier das
Schiff von Skuldelev in Dänemark aus der ersten Hälfte des 11.
Jahrhunderts (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skuldelev_Viking_ship_at_Vikingeskibsmuseet_Roskilde,_Denmark.jpg">Wiki</a>) - Auf einem solchen Schiff lagen die 38 Krieger in voller Ausrüstung nebeneinander gereiht auf dem Vorderschiff in drei Lagen längs und quer übereinander.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<h2>
Die Wikinger auf der Insel Ösel (750 v. Ztr.)</h2>
<br />
Die
vielleicht aufsehenerregendsten wikingischen Bestattungsfunde stammen
von der Ösel, der größten Insel Estlands, wo sie erst vor zehn Jahren entdeckt worden sind. Auf Estnisch heißt die Insel
Saarema. Während des Ersten Weltkrieges bildete diese Insel einen wichtigen
Stützpunkt der russischen Flotte. Sie ist deshalb Ende 1917 von den
Deutschen erobert worden (Unternehmen Albion). Im Zuge der Kämpfe um die
Insel ist der damals recht bekannte deutsche Kriegsdichter Walter Flex
(<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6ide">Wiki</a>) gefallen. Er war
den Deutschen durch seine Kriegsnovelle "Der Wanderer zwischen beiden
Welten", das ein Jahr zuvor erschienen war, sehr ans Herz gewachsen. Diese
Insel Ösel ist auch eine Insel reich an wikingerzeitlichen Funden
(siehe z.B. Abb. 8). Die ersten wikingerzeitlichen Funde auf Ösel stammen schon aus einer Zeit (ab 750 v. Ztr.), die vor den ersten Wikingerlandungen in England liegt. Auch Runensteine
finden sich auf Ösel. <br />
<br />
2008 und später wurden nun auf dieser Insel nahe dem Ort Salme direkt an der
vormaligen Küstenlinie - also einstmals fast "auf dem Strand" gelegen -
die Überreste einer vendelzeitlichen Schiffsbestattung gefunden (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikingerschiffsgr%C3%A4ber_von_Salme">Wiki</a>). Auf
dem elf Meter langen Ruderschiff fanden sich die Überreste von sieben
Männern. <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Ihnen waren drei Schwerter und viele Spielsteine beigegeben,
auch ein Habicht, ein Specht, sowie Schafe, Schweine, Kühe und Hunde </span></b>
(20). Datiert wird die Bestattung auf 750 n. Ztr.. 2010 und 2011 wurde
dann aber noch ein zweites Schiff, nun sogar 17 Meter lang und mit <span style="color: #274e13;"><b>38 Kriegern</b></span>
entdeckt und ausgegraben. Es stammt aus der gleichen Zeit, ist
vermutlich sogar im Zusammenhang mit denselben Ereignissen angelegt
worden (20):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Den
Toten waren reiche Beigaben an die Seite gegeben worden, meistens
Waffen, darunter mehr als 50 Pfeilspitzen, einige Speere und über 40
Schwerter (ganze und zerbrochene). (...) Eines der Schwerter war mit
Juwelen geschmückt. (...) Sie hatten außerdem fast 300 Spielsteine aus
Walfisch-Knochen (Schachfiguren) bei sich (...). Die Toten waren mit
ihren Schilden bedeckt.</b></span> <br />
Original: The dead had been
provided with rich grave goods, which mostly consisted of weapons,
including more than 50 arrowheads, some spears and about 40 swords
(whole and broken). At least five swords had hilts of gilded bronze,
among them one ring-hilt sword with a blade of pattern welded steel. One
sword had a blade ornamented with an inlay of golden wire and a handle
decorated with garnets. Other items included nearly 300 gaming pieces of
whale bone, antler combs, small padlocks, whetstones of schist, beads
etc. The dead had been covered with shields with iron bosses.</blockquote>
Welche Fülle von Geschichten können allein rund um einen solchen Schiffsfund erzählt werden, was all die Einzelheiten der Beigaben alles erzählen. Auf
diesem Schiff befanden sich auch ein Falke und zahlreiche Stockenten.
Mindestens fünf Tote hatten Wunden, die nicht mehr verheilt sind. Es
handelt sich also um eine ehrenvolle Schiffsbestattung unmittelbar nach einer Schlacht (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikingerschiffsgr%C3%A4ber_von_Salme">Wiki</a>):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Eine
skandinavische Sage berichtet von dem schwedischen König Yngvar, der in
Estland fiel. "Die Männer Estlands kamen aus dem Landesinneren mit
einer großen Armee, und es gab eine Schlacht; aber die Armee des Landes
war so tapfer, daß die Schweden ihr nicht standhalten konnten, und König
Yngvar fiel und seine Männer flohen", heißt es.</blockquote>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYQWFAwEiB0_-0JKn2zwU6bgJrHfCzyddSseJGVo1TXznQu7tbJUFXbjTmKmNqM-hNRRXR0ajZqBVIVZKVW-Y6uYyAbHLa9MwtjQZjnmBBEcjx2azvoS4OmQSv1Ca2jCTuLKblGAkl4nM/s1600/Screenshot_2019-09-10+SupplementaryInformation_part2+-+media-2+pdf.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="212" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYQWFAwEiB0_-0JKn2zwU6bgJrHfCzyddSseJGVo1TXznQu7tbJUFXbjTmKmNqM-hNRRXR0ajZqBVIVZKVW-Y6uYyAbHLa9MwtjQZjnmBBEcjx2azvoS4OmQSv1Ca2jCTuLKblGAkl4nM/s320/Screenshot_2019-09-10+SupplementaryInformation_part2+-+media-2+pdf.png" width="318" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abb. 3: DNA-Sequenzierungen von Salme, Estland</span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Während nun die Archäologen schreiben (20),
nach den chemischen Knochenanalysen wären diese auf Ösel bestatteten
Krieger aus Mittelschweden gekommen, zeigt die DNA-Sequenzierung (Abb. 3), wenn wir es recht verstehen, daß diese Krieger doch gar nicht so
deutlich in die frühmittelalterliche genetische "Normalverteilung" von
Schweden passen (?). Im Text der Studie wird jedoch genau dies
unterstellt (1). Dabei scheinen sie doch nach unserer Wahrnehmung (Abb. 3) im Vergleich mit allen anderen Wikinger-Sequenzierungen (siehe unten) eine
einzigartige Signatur aufzuweisen. Sie liegen genetisch verschoben von
den Schweden hin zu Finnen und Polen und uns drägt sich der Eindruck
auf, daß es sich um Angehörige einer Bevölkerung handelt, die sich auf
Ösel mit den dort Einheimischen vermischt haben kann. (Aber das ist nur
ein laienhafter Eindruck, den wir hier nur festhalten wollen, ohne ihn
weiter gegen besseres Expertenwissen verteidigen zu wollen.)<br />
<br />
Aber welches reiche Bild
bietet sich, wenn man - ausgehend von den neuen DNA-Sequenzierungen zur
Wikingerzeit - anfängt, sich in diese Thematik tiefer einzuarbeiten!
Welch ein reiches Bild bietet die Frühgeschichte Estlands, die
Frühgeschichte Polens, Schlesiens, Rußlands (21).
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Die Wikinger reisen weichselaufwärts </h2>
<br />
Nach Suppl. 04 der Studie (1) konnten auch Gene von Skeletten von zwei Elitegräbern aus Bodzia an der Weichsel (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodzia_Cemetery">Wiki</a>) aus der Zeit um 1050 n. Ztr. vollständig sequenziert werden (VK154 und VK156). Beide wiesen <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>zur Hälfte polnische und zu einem Viertel bis zur Hälfte skandinavische Herkunftsanteile</b></span> auf. (Davon ist im Text der Studie selbst gar nicht die Rede, weshalb uns dieses spannende Ergebnis bislang entgangen war. Erst durch genaues Studium der umfangreichen Anhänge dieser Studie stoßen wir auf dieses Ergebnis.) Unsere eigene Interpretation der Ergebnisse der Studie finden wir auch in einer Interpretation andernorts wieder, was uns dann schon etwas sicherer macht (<a href="http://www.forumbiodiversity.com/showthread.php?t=51149">ForumBiodiversity, 17.7.2019</a>):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Sie waren also zur Hälfte Polen und der Rest ihrer Herkunft stammte aus Schweden
(20.9-26.8%), Finnland (11.5-25.8%) and Dänemark (1.3-10.1%).</b></span><br />
So
they were half-Poles with the rest of their ancestry mostly from Sweden
(20.9-26.8%), Finland (11.5-25.8%) and Denmark (1.3-10.1%). </blockquote>
Andernorts wird außerdem darauf hingewiesen, daß der Y-chromosomale Haplotyp von insgesamt acht sequenzierten Männern aus dem heutigen Polen in dieser Studie festgestellt
werden konnte, und daß die Verteilung ihrer Haplotypen gut zur heutigen
Verteilung dieser Haplotypen in Polen passen würde, die heutige Verteilung ist nämlich (<a href="http://www.forumbiodiversity.com/showthread.php?t=51149">ForumBiodiversity, 17.7.2019</a>):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
R1a1 57.5%<br />
R1b 12.5%<br />
I1 8.5%<br />
I2*/I2a 5.5%</blockquote>
Die für Skandinavier typische Haplogruppe I-M253 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings">Wiki</a>) (zu 30 bis 40 % im heutigen Skandinavien verbreitet) findet sich unter den archäologischen Funden im heutigen Polen bislang noch nicht. Wenn
auch Aussagen zur Häufigkeitsverteilung von Y-chromosomalen Haplotypen
bei weitem nicht so aussagekräftig sind wie Aussagen von Gesamtgenom-Sequenzierungen, so passen die Ergebnisse im
Allgemeinen doch nicht schlecht zu den auch sonst aus den historischen
Quellen bekannten, internationalen Heiratsverbindungen der Piasten bis
nach England, Dänemark und Schweden einerseits und bis nach Kiew
andererseits. Solche weitreichenden Heiratsverbindungen wird es auch
sonst im Hochadel des frühen Piastenreiches
gegeben haben und sie können dazu geführt haben, daß um das Jahr 1000
herum die führenden polnischen Adelsgeschlechter (der "Hochadel") zu etwa einem Viertel
bis zur Hälfte skandinavischer Abstammung war, was gut dazu paßt, daß sie sich auch
äußerlich sehr stark an die Kultur der Wikinger angepaßt haben - wie ausschnittsweise in diesem Beitrag noch anhand von willkürlich ausgewählten archäologischen Forschungen gezeigt werden soll. - Der heutige genetische Herkunftsanteil der Wikinger innerhalb von Polen insgesamt beträgt laut Studie etwa 5 % (1):</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Das
genetische Erbe der Wikinger außerhalb von Skandinavien hat - wenn auch geringe - Kontinutitä bis heute. <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Eine kleine Komponente findet sich in Polen (bis zu 5%) </b></span>
und im südlichen Europa.<br />
Original: Outside of Scandinavia, the genetic
legacy of the Vikings is consistent, though limited. A small
component is present in Poland (up to 5%) and the south of
Europe.</blockquote>
Entsprechende Aussagen zu Rußland, zu Estland, zur Tschechei, zu Pommern, West- und Ostpreußen, Schlesien und Posen finden sich in der Studie leider nicht. Aber auch hier wird es sicher bald Klärungen geben, zumal diese Klärungen für die britischen Inseln, für Island und so weiter längst weit fortgeschritten sind (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings">Wiki</a>) (19, 24). So finden sich heute auf den Shetland-Inseln bis zu 25 % Wikinger-Gene, in Schottland und Irland aber niemals mehr als 10 % (24) (Abb. 10). Aber wenn sich 5 % für das heutige Gesamtpolen finden, dann könnte dieser Anteil in der ursprünglichen Bevölkerung Pommerns, Westpreußens und Ostpreußens - also jener Bevölkerung, die bis 1945 dort lebte - noch deutlich größer gewesen sein. Dem Blogautor ist ein blonder, blauäugiger Mensch bekannt, der seine Gene bei MyHeritage hat sequenzieren lassen, und dessen einer Elternteil aus Pommern stammte (1939 in Stolp in Pommern geboren), von wo auch dessen beide Eltern stammten. Der andere Elternteil stammt aus Wilhelmshaven. Diesem Menschen wird von MyHeritage 30 % skandinavische und 10 % baltische Herkunft attestiert. Auch wenn man ein solches Ergebnis - zumal es Einzelergebnis ist - nicht auf die Goldwaage legen darf, wird in näherer Zukunft sicher bekannt werden, welchen Wikinger-Gen-Anteil es insgesamt unter den deutschen Pommern, West- und Ostpreußen gegeben hat. Und solche Forschungsergebnisse dürften doch nicht uninteressant sein. Spannend ist aber auch das folgende Ergebnis (<a href="http://www.forumbiodiversity.com/showthread.php?t=51149&page=2">ForumBiodiversity 19.7.2019</a>) (Abb. 2):<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.imgur.com/HaI7l6A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="572" height="384" src="https://i.imgur.com/HaI7l6A.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abb. 4: Hauptkomponenten-Analyse der Ancient-DNA-Sequenzierungen auf Gotland </span><span style="font-size: small;">(<a href="http://www.forumbiodiversity.com/showthread.php?t=51149&page=2">ForumBiodiversity 19.7.2019</a>) </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>"Es scheint als ob die Hälfte der Einwohner der Insel Gotland zur Wikingerzeit aus dem heutigen Polen stammten."</b></span><br />
Original: "So it seems that in the Viking Age half of Gotland was Polish-like." </blockquote>
Dieses Ergebnis macht einem noch einmal besonders bewußt, daß ja nicht nur Skandinavier nach Polen kamen, sondern eben auch Polen nach Skandinavien, worauf in der Studie ja auch in allgemeinerer Form hingewiesen wurde (1). Auch dieser Umstand will sehr stark im Auge behalten werden. Da Menschen ohne Wikinger-Herkunft auch auf Island und in anderen Teilen Nordeuropas oft als Unterschichten (evtl. auch als Sklaven von Wikingern) an andere Orte gebracht wurden, ist ein solches Geschehen natürlich auch für die Insel Gotland zunächst nicht völlig auszuschließen.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/VolkhovRiverMounds.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="800" height="340" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/VolkhovRiverMounds.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abb. 5: Grabhügel der Rus-Krieger entlang des Wolchow bei Nowgorod, nahe dem
Dorf Alt-Ladoga, wo 753 n. Ztr. die älteste und größte Siedlung
skandinavischer Waräger in Osteuropa begründet wurde, vergleichbar mit
Birka und Haithabu. Ab 862 herrschte hier Rjurik, der Begründer des
russischen Herrscherhauses der Rurikiden. (Fotograf: Prof. Mark A.
Wilson; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:VolkhovRiverMounds.jpg">Wiki</a>)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Die Wikinger bereisen die Flußsysteme Rußlands </h2>
<br />
Die vielleicht an archäologischen Funden reichste Schatzinsel der Welt, Bornholm, ist schon 2003 von Gisela Graichen zum Ausgangspunkt einer besonders guten und sehenswerten Dokumentation zur Geschichte der Wikinger im russischen Raum gemacht worden. Diese ist sehr geeignet, in das Thema einzuführen (21). Ausgangspunkt darin sind die reichen arabischen Münzfunde auf Bornholm (Abb. 8). Auf diese wollen wir weiter unten noch zurückkommen. Daß dieser Reichtum zu nicht geringen Teilen durch Sklavenhandel zustande gekommen sein könnte, wofür wir weiter unten noch allerhand Hinweise zusammen tragen, ist von Gisela Graichen aber noch nicht besonders hervorgehoben worden (bzw. nicht von den Archäologen, mit denen sie zusammen gearbeitet hat).<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNaQqIpFCTXQHqZtf0FYNQA221iuXD-5Fcww4m-GYly3PyTbMtUP4r9zZ951r_VWjyw2vbo3R4ui3It2dm7sFr_45_liRbk8R1K_Nhb7G7BhYygX4vSrq41J8FCZKFAs3eDYEz5cm2Ew/s1600/Screenshot_2019-09-09+In+The+Footsteps+of+Rurik+A+guide+to+the+Viking+History+of+Northwest+Russia+By+Dan+Carlsson+and+Adria%255B...%255D%25282%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="825" data-original-width="833" height="633" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNaQqIpFCTXQHqZtf0FYNQA221iuXD-5Fcww4m-GYly3PyTbMtUP4r9zZ951r_VWjyw2vbo3R4ui3It2dm7sFr_45_liRbk8R1K_Nhb7G7BhYygX4vSrq41J8FCZKFAs3eDYEz5cm2Ew/s640/Screenshot_2019-09-09+In+The+Footsteps+of+Rurik+A+guide+to+the+Viking+History+of+Northwest+Russia+By+Dan+Carlsson+and+Adria%255B...%255D%25282%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abb. 6: Die wikingischen Handelsrouten zwischen Byzanz, dem Kalifat und Skandinavien (aus: 22)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In der Archäogenetik-Studie finden sich also auch Ergebnisse für Rußland. <span style="font-size: small;">Man muß sie nur etwas gründlicher suchen (Abb 7):</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://i.ibb.co/VjCxCNw/Screenshot-2019-09-02-12-32-31.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="800" height="510" src="https://i.ibb.co/VjCxCNw/Screenshot-2019-09-02-12-32-31.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abb. 7: Hauptkomponenten-Analyse der Ancient-DNA-Sequenzierungen von Bodzia, vom Ladoga-See und von Gnezdovo (unterste Reihe) (<a href="http://www.forumbiodiversity.com/showthread.php?t=51149&page=3">ForumBiodiversity</a>)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Vom Ladoga-See</b></span> konnten schon 1938/39 gewonnene Skelette aus der Burganlage Gorodische erfolgreich sequenziert werden. Es konnten nur Skelette aus christlicher Zeit sequenziert werden, aus Gräbern ohne Grabhügel, da davor Brandbestattung vorherrschte. Der Herkunftsanteil der acht erfolgreich Sequenzierten ist dennoch zu größten Teilen immer noch <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>skandinavisch</b></span> (Abb. 7). Die Archäologen ordnen dieses Ergebnis folgendermaßen historisch ein (20):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Nach den schriftlichen Berichten wurde in der ersten Hälfte des 11. Jahrhunderts das Gebiet des Ladoga-Sees vom Großprinzen der Rus, Jaroslaw Mudry (Jaroslaw dem Weisen) seiner Frau, der schwedischen Prinzessin Ingegerd Olofsdotteras als Heiratsgeschenk gegeben. Diese setzte als Gouverneur des Landes ihren Verwandten Jarl Ranvald Ulfsson ein. Die skandinavischen Königssagas berichten von christlichen Wikingern unter den Kriegern des Ragnvald Ulfsson, die das Land gegen heidnische Stämme verteidigten. </b></span> <br />
Original: According to written sources in first half 11 century Ladoga area was given by Grand Prince of Rus’ Yaroslav Mudry (Yaroslav the Wise) to his wife Swedish Princess Ingegerd Olofsdotteras a marriage gift, who in turn set her relative Earl Ragnvald Ulfsson as governor of the land. Scandinavian Kongesagaer (kings’sagas) testifies presence of Viking Christians in the military troops of Ragnvald Ulfsson for defense from local pagan tribes.</blockquote>
Schon aufgrund der morophologischen Merkmale waren von den 65 1938/39 gewonnenen Skeletten die Skelette des südlichen Teiles des Gräberfeldes Skandinaviern zugeordnet worden, die des nördlichen Gräberfeldes einer vermischten slawisch-finnisch-skandinavischen Population. Wenn wir es recht verstehen, bestätigen die archäogenetischen Erkenntnisse im wesentlichen die Erkenntnisse der traditionellen Anthropologie.<br />
<br />
Nahe
dem Dorf Alt-Ladoga am Ladoga-See entstand 753 n. Ztr. die älteste und
eine der größten Siedlungen skandinavischer Waräger in Osteuropa, von
Größe und Bedeutung her vergleichbar mit Birka und Haithabu. Ab 862
herrschte hier Rjurik, der Begründer des russischen Herrscherhauses der
Rurikiden.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Die Wikinger in Gnezdovo bei Smolensk </h2>
<br />
Zwei erfolgreich sequenzierte, in der großen wikingischen Handlungssiedlung bei <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Gnezdovo</b></span> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnjosdowo">Wiki</a>), 13 Kilometer westlich des heutigen Smolensk Bestattetete sind von ihrer Herkunft ähnlich wie die in Bodzia an der Weichsel Betatteten, stehen aber der einheimischen Genetik näher als der skandinavischen. Der Siedlungsort Gnezdovo lag auf beiden Seiten des Oberlaufes des Dnjepr. Der Siedlungsort ist umgeben von <span style="color: #274e13;"><b>4500 bis 5000 Hügelgräbern (!)</b></span>, von denen die Hälfte (nichtchristliche) Brandbestattungen aufweisen. Gnezdovo liegt auf halbem Weg zwischen dem Ladoga-See und Kiew, und zwar 700 Kilometer südlich vom Ladoga-See und 600 Kilometer nördlich von Kiew. In Ost-West-Richtung liegt es auf halbem Weg zwischen Bialystok und der Wolga (bei Moskau), also den damaligen Wolga-Bulgaren. Dieses Gräberfeld hat unglaublich reiche und eindrucksvolle Funde aus dem 9. und 10. Jahrhundert zu Tage gebracht (20):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Seltene Brandgräber (...) finden sich in der frühesten Siedlungsphase. Der bekannte Hügel L-13 gehört zu diesen Hügelgräbern. In ihm fand sich der älteste Gnezovo-Fund, nämlich <b>eine byzantinische Amphora mit einer eingerzitzten slawischen Inschrift. (...) Werkstätten stellten Schmuck für skandinavische und slawische Frauen her, Zaumzeug- und Gürtelplatten wurden in der Tradition der Wolgabulgaren hergestellt, ebenso Gegenstände der Langhügel-Kultur vor Ort. (...) 450 orientalische, byzantinische und westeuropäische Münzen wurden gefunden. Sie stammen aus dem 6. bis mittleren 11. Jahrhundert. Außerdem enthielten 13 Hortfunde über 1400 orientalische Silbermünzen.</b><br />
Original: Rare burial mounds with cremations (...) are related to the earliest period of the settlement’s existence. (...) The well-known mound L-13 is one of these mounds. L-13 mound gave the earliest for Gnezdovo find of Byzantine amphora with the Slavic inscription-graffito. (...) Workshops produced adornments for Scandinavian and Slavic women, bridle and belt plates made in the Volga Bulgarian tradition and items specific for the local culture of long mounds. (...) About 450 Oriental, Byzantine, and West European coins (...) have been found (...). Dates of coin minting vary from the 6th to the mid-11th centuries. 13 Gnezdovo hoardings contain over 1400 Oriental silver coins.</blockquote>
Mit "orientalische" Silbermünzen werden arabische Münzen gemeint sein (s. Abb. 8). Anhand der Bestattungsart und Grabausstattung kann <span style="color: #274e13;"><b>25 % der Gräber ein skandinavischer kultureller Hintergrund</b></span> zugeschrieben werden. Die letzten, wenigen Gräber finden sich aus der Zeit um 1000 n. Ztr.. Nun wandelte sich Gnezdovo von einer Handelsstadt zu einem Adelsgut und das nahegelegene Smolensk übernahm die vormalige Rolle von Gnezdovo. Als weitere russische Ausgrabungsstätte mit Wikinger-Bezug in Osteuropa wird benannt <b>Shestovitsy</b> in der Region Chernigov in der Ukraine, ein Ort 130 Kilometer nördlich von Kiew, nahe dem Dnjepr gelegen.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOdTRri6g4HcMBheFKVjFk2dyRKW3eVFyb7LwvzZ6f-Gi5zOb1VkA_WrqGQHQp4DjVGOtu0GzY8co8y3bArR-gUZCtTQXbV9iznbqdQkk9ncp00HNfv9gVUsjJbbMv1vU7PzPLa5EpVuU/s1600/Screenshot_2019-09-09+In+The+Footsteps+of+Rurik+A+guide+to+the+Viking+History+of+Northwest+Russia+By+Dan+Carlsson+and+Adria%255B...%255D%25284%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="777" data-original-width="1340" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOdTRri6g4HcMBheFKVjFk2dyRKW3eVFyb7LwvzZ6f-Gi5zOb1VkA_WrqGQHQp4DjVGOtu0GzY8co8y3bArR-gUZCtTQXbV9iznbqdQkk9ncp00HNfv9gVUsjJbbMv1vU7PzPLa5EpVuU/s640/Screenshot_2019-09-09+In+The+Footsteps+of+Rurik+A+guide+to+the+Viking+History+of+Northwest+Russia+By+Dan+Carlsson+and+Adria%255B...%255D%25284%2529.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abb. 8: Die Häufigkeit arabischer Münzfunde - Sie ist am größten in Bornholm und Schweden, es folgen: Pommern, Westpreußen, Posen, Schlesien, Estland, Kiew und Wolga-Bulgaren (aus: 22)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Sklaven werden von Europa aus nach Süden exportiert </h2>
<br />
Die Karte der Häufigkeitsverteilung arabischer Münzfunde in Osteuropa läßt vielleicht schon die größten Schwerpunkte der Handels- und Siedlungstätigkeit der Wikinger erkennen (Abb. 8) (22). Diese Häufigkeit <span style="font-size: small;">ist am
größten in Bornholm (21) und Schweden. Aber es folgen: Pommern (Wolin!), Westpreußen (Truso!),
Posen (Bodzia!), Schlesien (!?), Estland (Ösel!), Kiew und sogar die Wolga-Bulgaren treten hervor. Eindrucksvoll ist hier ein osteuropäisches Handelsnetzwerk erkennbar. Die arabischen Münzen finden sich in Frankreich, England und Norwegen fast gar nicht, in Dänemark viel weniger als sonst im skandinavischen Raum. Zu der Frage, warum im Osteuropa jener Zeit </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">mehr arabische als byzantinische Münzen </span>Verbreitung fanden, findet sich auf Wikipedia derzeit noch keine befriedigende Antwort (ob sie deshalb von der Forschung schon gut verstanden ist, stehe dahin) (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikingerzeitliche_M%C3%BCnzfunde_im_Ostseeraum">Wiki</a>):</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Die schiffbaren Handelswege verliefen über die Flüsse Dnepr und Wolga, bis an das Schwarze Meer und die Kaspische See. Über diese Routen erreichten Händler Konstantinopel und trieben Handel mit dem Reich der Abbasiden mit der Hauptstadt Bagdad und dem Emirat der Samaniden mit den Hauptorten Buchara und Samarkand. (...) Eine Schlüsselrolle für den Handel zwischen Asien und dem Orient mit Rußland und Nordeuropa nahm in dieser Zeit <b>das Reich der Chasaren</b> ein. Durch ihr Gebiet an Dnepr, Wolga und im Kaukasus führte, größtenteils über Wasserwege, die Verbindung zwischen der Ostsee und dem Schwarzen Meer, der Weg von den Warägern zu den Griechen. Über das Schwarze Meer konnte Konstantinopel auf Schiffen erreicht werden, über das Kaspische Meer das Emirat von Buchara unter der Herrschaft der Samaniden und das Reich der Kalifen aus dem Hause der Abbasiden. (...) <b>Ab dem Jahr 840 n. Chr. wurden die Münzimporte aus der islamischen Welt in den Ostseeraum geringer und kamen zwischen 860 und 870 vollständig zum Erliegen.</b> Der Grund dafür war der sinkende Silbergehalt der Münzen, denen immer mehr Kupfer und zum Gewichtsausgleich Blei beigemengt wurde. Mögliche Ursachen für die Münzverschlechterungen könnten das Versiegen der Minen im Hindukusch oder Unruhen im Emirat von Nasr II. gewesen sein. Tatsächlich kam es im Jahr 843 n. Chr. dort zu Aufständen, weil die Armee keinen Sold erhielt. Dies ließ sich durch eine Verschlechterung der Münzen leicht beheben, da in einer Münzgeldwirtschaft die Münzen ihren Nominalwert beibehalten. In der Gewichtsgeldwirtschaft des Ostseeraums war dies aber nicht möglich. Das schnelle Ende der Silberimporte aus diesem Raum könnte jedoch durch die Unterbrechungen der Handelswege ausgelöst worden sein, die durch Angriffe auf das Reich der Chasaren in den späten 860er Jahren bedingt wurden.</blockquote>
Es wäre sicher eine aufregende Fragestellung, wieviel von dem im Ostseeraum gefundenen Reichtum, repräsentiert unter anderem in den umfangreichen und deshalb auffälligen arabischen Münzenfunden, durch den Sklavenhandel mit dem Kalifat von Bagdad zustande gekommen ist. Der Sklavenhandel stellte damals eine sehr einträchtige Einkunftsquelle dar, auch für zahlreiche andere ethnische Gruppen, die Fernhandel zwischen dem christlichen Europa und dem islamischen Orient betrieben (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhaniten">Wiki</a>):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Die slawischen Sklaven waren, wie aus arabischen Aufzeichnungen hervorgeht, der begehrteste Artikel für die moslemische Sklavenhaltergesellschaft. Bernard Lewis hält fest, daß neben den <b>Juden</b> viele Europäer mit dem Export von Sklaven zu tun gehabt hätten. Darunter seien Christen gewesen, „Bürger der großen <b>Handelsstädte Italiens und Frankreichs</b> ebenso wie griechische Sklavenhändler, die im östlichen Mittelmeer tätig waren. Eine bedeutende Stellung nahmen die <b>Venezianer</b> ein, die schon im 8. Jahrhundert begannen, den <b>Griechen</b> Konkurrenz zu machen.“ Besonders hinzuweisen ist auf die Rolle der <b>Waräger</b> und des Volkes der Rus, die eifrige Sklavenjäger waren und ihre slawischen Gefangenen entweder direkt verkauften oder über italienische Kaufleute oder die Radhaniten nach Spanien, Byzanz, in die moslemischen Länder oder nach Zentralasien weitervermitteln ließen. Maurice Lombard betont, daß durch die Nachfrage aus den großen Verbrauchszentren der islamischen Welt über die jeweiligen Zwischenhändler „die wirtschaftliche Aktivität des barbarischen Abendlandes“ wiederaufgelebt sei und „dessen Handel, Geldzirkulation und städtische Bewegung unter diesem Nachfrageschub wieder zu pulsieren begannen“. Insgesamt handle es sich um eine Tatsache von immenser Bedeutung: „die Austauschrichtung kehrt sich um; der Okzident wird vom Importeur zum Exporteur. An die Stelle des Abflusses von Zahlungsmitteln kommt es gegen Ende des 8. Jahrhunderts langsam wieder zu einem Zufluß, der sich vom 9. zum 11. Jahrhundert vergrößert.“</blockquote>
Im Arabischen gibt es für diese Sklaven sogar einen eigenen Begriff, der von einer ethnischen Selbstbezeichnung osteuropäischer Völker abgeleitet ist (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saq%C4%81liba">Wik</a>i):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Saqaliba (arabisch صقالبة, DMG ṣaqāliba ‚Slawen‘) bezeichnet in mittelalterlichen arabischen Quellen Slawen und andere hellhäutige und rötliche Völker Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Die Bezeichnung aṣ-ṣaqāliba (sing. Ṣaqlabī, Ṣiqlabī) ist dem mittelgriechischen Σλάβος entlehnt, das mit der slawischen Selbstbezeichnung Slovĕnin in Verbindung steht. Wegen der großen Zahl slawischer Sklaven hat das Wort in mehreren europäischen Sprachen die Bedeutung „Sklave“ angenommen (englisch slave, französisch esclave, italienisch schiavo), so auch im Spanien der Umayyaden, wo Ṣaqāliba alle fremden Sklaven bezeichnete. </blockquote>
Der Handel mit diesen "slawischen Sklaven" ging einerseits von der Elbe und von Böhmen aus bis ins islamische Spanien und in
den Levanteraum. Dabei wurden die männlichen Sklaven dann entweder an ihrem Zielort entmannt und in <b>Eunuchen</b> verwandelt (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saq%C4%81liba">Wiki</a>) oder schon auf dem Weg dorthin (etwa in Verdun). Für den osteuropäischen Raum scheint aber der etwaige Zusammenhang zwischen den reichen arabischen Münzfunden und dem Sklavenhandel über das Reich das Chasaren hinweg bis in das Kalifat von Bagdad noch weitaus weniger deutlich ins Blickfeld der Forschung gelangt zu sein (jedenfalls findet man es bislang nicht sehr gut auf Wikipedia behandelt).<br />
<br />
Die schon genannte Filmdokumentation von Gisela Graichen hat ja schon 2003 daran
erinnert, daß in kommunistischer Zeit Archäologen in der Sowjetunion ins Gefängnis gekommen
sind, wenn sie den Wikinger-Einfluß auf die Frühgeschichte Rußlands zu
stark betont haben (21). Womöglich haben diese Verhältnisse und die zugrundeliegenden Mentalitäten Auswirkungen auf die Forschung noch bis heute. - Schauen wir uns weiter in Europa um was wikingischen Einfluß betrifft.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-mPh4uSPc51wqFKDOQhOKDUTDmyqsPDn_jtpunWuWsZkG88BtfWZQ83A91UWb8yEKv49Rwx1QmStohseQR0lXztpSf1PnPrbskHCvQhWosLjdD4E0uuyGgBhF2FBpOSc17vg95ttsoJM/s1600/Screenshot_2019-09-05+Bodzia.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="648" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-mPh4uSPc51wqFKDOQhOKDUTDmyqsPDn_jtpunWuWsZkG88BtfWZQ83A91UWb8yEKv49Rwx1QmStohseQR0lXztpSf1PnPrbskHCvQhWosLjdD4E0uuyGgBhF2FBpOSc17vg95ttsoJM/s640/Screenshot_2019-09-05+Bodzia.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abb 9: Die politischen Machtzentren (schwarze Kreise) und kulturell skandinavische Elite-Gräber (rot) zwischen Weichsel, Warthe und Oder - Als bedeutender wikingischer Siedlungsort fehlt unter anderem Wiskiauten an der Nordküste des Samlandes in Ostpreußen (aus: 10)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<h2>
Die Wikinger in Bodzia an der Weichsel (um 1050 n. Ztr.)</h2>
<br />
Bodzia liegt 40 Kilometer südöstlich von Thorn und 15 Kilometer nördlich von Włocławek an der Weichsel und wie die beiden ersteren auf dem linken Ufer derselben etwa drei Kilometer entfernt vom Ufer. Bodzia liegt etwa 20 Kilometer östlich der Grenze des Deutschen Reiches bis 1918, bzw. der damaligen Provinz Posen. Hier nun wurde 2009 bis 2011 ein frühmittelalterliches Gräberfeld ausgegraben, in dem 52 Skelette gesichert werden konnten, darunter 14 Männer und 21 Frauen. Es handelt sich um ein Gräberfeld, in dem offensichtlich der damalige wikingisch lebende und verheiratete Hochadel Polens Angehörige bestattete (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodzia_Cemetery">Wiki</a>). Fast alle Gräber sind in Nord-Süd-Richtung orientiert, was für diese Zeit sehr ungewöhnlich ist (1, Suppl. 02):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Die Anordnung des Grabfeldes hat keinerlei Analogien in Europa. Es besteht aus zwei Reihen von Gräbern mit großen Grabgruben, die in einem viereckigen Grabraum angeordnet sind. Das Gräberfeld ist eingeteilt in rechteckige Gräber, die über dem Erdboden markiert waren in vier Reihen entlang der Ost-West-Achse. (...) Ein bezeichnendes Charateristikum aller Gräber ist die Fülle von beigegebenen Gegenständen, einschließlich <b>Waffen (Schwert, Langsax, Speerspitzen, Pickaxt der Chasaraen)</b> im Fall der Männer und zahlreichem <b>Schmuck (Ringe, Anhänger, Amulette, Kaptorga, Halsketten usw.)</b> - im Falle der Frauen. Eine Vielzahl von <b>Münzen</b> fand sich, 67 Stücke in 58 Gräbern. Sie stammen aus dem Heiligen Römischen Reich, aus England, dem Reich der Premysliden und aus Polen. <span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: black;">(...) <b>Ein junger Krieger (E864/I) war mit drei jungen Frauen begraben; eine von ihnen war unter ihm platziert.</b> (...) Auf einer Riemenzunge (strap-end) befindet sich ein Zweizack, das Tamga (Stammeszeichen) des Prinzen </span></span>Swjatopolk I. (1015-1019) des Angeklagten - Sohn von Wladimir dem Großen und Ehemann einer Tochter des polnischen Königs Boleslaw I., des Tapferen.<br />
Original: The layout of the cemetery has no analogies in Europe. It is formed of rows of graves with large burial pits placed in quadrangular burial spaces. The burial field is divided into rectangular sepulchral spaces, marked on the surface and arranged into 4 rows oriented along the east-west axis. Some of these plots are adjacent, especially those in the northern row with the shape of a trapezium narrowing down to the east. (...) A characteristic feature of all the burials here is the bountiful presence of a range of items, including weapons (sword, langsax, spearhead, Khazarian-type pickaxe) – in the case of men, and numerous ornaments (rings, pendants, amulets, kaptorgas, necklaces, etc.) – in the case of women. There are abundant coins: 67 items from 58 graves. These relate to the Holy Roman Empire, England, the Premyslid State and Poland. (...) A young warrior (E864/I) buried together with three young women; one of them was placed below him. (...) On the strap-end there is a bident - the tamga of Prince Sviatopolk the Accursed (1015-1019) - son of Vladimir the Great and husband of a daughter of Polish king Boleslav I (the Brave).</blockquote>
Um was es sich bei der hier erwähnten Kaptorga handelt, findet sich in einem Video aus dem letzten Jahr erläutert anhand einer Replik der in Bodzia gefundenen (8). Der hier erwähnte Swjatopolk I. (978/9-1019) (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swjatopolk_I._(Russland)">Wiki</a>) war bis 1019 Fürst von Turow und danach Großfürst von Kiew. Er war mit einer Tochter des legendären polnischen Herrschers Bolesław I. des Tapferen (965/7-1025) (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I._(Polen)">Wiki</a>) verheiratet. Das heißt, die Gräber dürften aus der Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts stammen. Die Wirtel eines Frauengrabes war aus wolhynischem Schiefer gearbeitet. Und so ließe sich sicherlich noch eine Fülle von spannenden Einzelheiten zu diesen Ausgrabungen nennen. Auf Wikipedia ist festgehalten (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodzia_Cemetery">Wiki</a>):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Es finden sich Grabrituale
und -beigaben der Kiewer Rus, skandinavischer, angelsächsischer,
friesischer und khasarischer Herkunft. Die multikulturelle Natur dieses
Gräberfeldes und die Nähe zur Handelsroute der Weichsel legen nahe, daß
es sich um eine ausländische Handelssiedlung handelt, die die Ostsee mit
dem Byzantinischen Reich verband. <br />
Original: Artefacts uncovered in the
site were mostly of foreign origin, which is atypical of other sites in
the area. (...) The site demonstrates burial rituals and artefacts of
Kievan Rus, Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, Frisian and Khazar origin. The
nature of multiculturality at the site, and proximity to the Vistula
River trade route, indicates that it was perhaps a foreign trade
settlement connecting the Baltic to the Byzantine Empire.</blockquote>
Skelette von diesem Ausgrabungsort jedenfalls gewährten den ersten Blick in die genetische Herkunft des frühmittelalterlichen Hochadels von Polen (siehe oben). - <span style="color: #274e13;"><b>2006 wurde übrigens eine Fahrt nachgestellt in einem nachgebauten Wikingerschiff von Danzig die Weichsel, den Bug und den San mit Segelkraft aufwärts bis zur heutigen polnisch-ukrainischen Grenze (9).</b></span> <span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Dort wurde das Boot - wie vermutlich einstmals ebenso von den Wikingern - auf dem Landweg übergesetzt, um auf dem Oberlauf des Dnjestr wieder ins Wasser gelassen zu werden und dann mit der Strömung bis hinunter nach Odessa, bis ins Schwarze Meer zu rudern und zu segeln. Die landschaflichen Eindrücke dieses Filmes (9) sind höchst eindrucksvoll, ebenso die sehr authentischen Eindrücke davon, mit welchen Schwierigkeiten die Wikinger zu tun gehabt haben müssen bei solchen Fahrten die Flußläufe auf- und abwärts.</b></span><br />
<br />
Das ist "Thor Heyerdal" auf eine ganz neue, unerwartete Weise in einer Region und in Beschäftigung mit einer geschichtlichen Zeit und einem Volk, die uns Deutsche und Polen viel näher stehen als das bei den Fahrten des Thor Heyerdal mit seiner "Kontiki" im Pazifik der Fall gewesen war. Die Wikinger wußten natürlich gut von dem sagenhaften Reichtum des Kaisers in Byzanz, von dem mehrmals in den Sagas erwähnt wird, daß ihm ein Besuch abgestattet worden ist von einem Wikinger aus Island. "Schild stieß an Schild - es ruderten Wikinger," so heißt es im berühmten Helgi-Lied und so wird auch einleitend und am Ende dieser Fernsehdokumentation gesungen (9).<br />
<br />
Der hier befahrene Dnjestr war bis ins 18. Jahrhundert hinein der Grenzfluß seßhafter Völker westlich des Flusses gegenüber den Nomadenvölkern des "Wilden Feldes" östlich des Flusses (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildes_Feld">Wiki</a>).<br />
<br />
<h2>
Die Wikinger in Wiskiauten im Samland</h2>
<br />
Auf der von uns eingestellten Karte (Abb. 9) (10) ist der bedeutende wikingische Siedlungsort Wiskiauten (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskiauten">Wiki</a>) am südlichen Ende der Kurischen Nehrung an der Nordküste des Samlandes nicht eingetragen. Hier fanden sich <b>500 Grabhügel</b>
und Reste einer Siedlung. Entsprechend gibt auch diese Karte noch nicht
vollgültig den Forschungsstand wieder. Aber immerhin läßt sie die
weitreichenden Verbindungen der Wikinger erahnen.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcgz2Hb0Y8SXr-1WwZP_ysJKzQEQTLag_PUj0G37RR_ctHj1C_sw-foEB7tXU1hVJDRskd1VtarK1BLAZr-DI-KS2UWsqCtM57ifSqB2Nge8dWkjqNuLskJsxtHDJTBlG9SH5zKmwIkoE/s1600/Screenshot-2019-9-18+%252819%2529+%2528PDF%2529+The+genetic+landscape+of+Scotland+and+the+Isles.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="568" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcgz2Hb0Y8SXr-1WwZP_ysJKzQEQTLag_PUj0G37RR_ctHj1C_sw-foEB7tXU1hVJDRskd1VtarK1BLAZr-DI-KS2UWsqCtM57ifSqB2Nge8dWkjqNuLskJsxtHDJTBlG9SH5zKmwIkoE/s640/Screenshot-2019-9-18+%252819%2529+%2528PDF%2529+The+genetic+landscape+of+Scotland+and+the+Isles.png" width="627" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abb. 10: Herkunftsgruppen der Iren und Schotten, sowie der Bewohner der Orkney's und der Shetland-Inseln. Sie stammen ab von Engländern (hellrot), Walisern (grün-braun), Schotten (grün), Dänen (hellblau), Schweden (blau) und Norwegern (lila) (aus: 24)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h2>
Die Wikinger in Kalthaus (bei Kulm) an der Weichsel </h2>
<br />
Der polnische Archäologe Władysław Duczko (geb. 1946) (<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Duczko">Wiki</a>), der ab 1990 als Professor in Uppsala tätig war, meint, v<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">or allem Funde von Runenschriften gäben einem Siedlungsort aus archäologischer Sicht den Charakter einer Wikingersiedlung. Er stochert ja in der Zeit vor der Archäogenetik diesbezüglich noch im Nebel wie es die Archäologen seit mehr als einhundert Jahren taten (11):</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">Der
einzige Ort außer Wollin und Cammin in Pommern mit Runenfunden ist
Kalthaus nahe der Weichsel, wo zwei Fundstücke aus der Siedlung - ein
Spielstück und ein .... - Inschriften trugen, die norwegische Schrift
repräsentieren. In Kalthaus sind auch
einige Waffen und Gräber des norwegischen Typus gefunden worden, welche
nahelegen, daß wir nach den Besitzern dieser Runen-beschriebenen
Objekte unter den Norwegern suchen sollten, die hier lebten.</span><br />
<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">Original: The
only place in Poland with runic finds, except Wolin and Kamień
Pomorski, is Kałdus, near the Vistula River, where two artefacts from
the settlement, a gaming piece and a cross-pendant, had inscriptions
representing Norse writing (cf. W. Chudziak in this volume). Some
weapons and burials of Norse type have also been found in Kałdus, which
indicate that we should search for the owners of the runic objects among
the Norsemen living here.</span></blockquote>
<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">Der
hier erwähnte frühmittelalterliche Siedlungsort auf einer Anhöhe
oberhalb der Weichsel in Westpreußen liegt im Norden des Dorfes
Kalthaus (poln. </span><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">Kałdus) (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%82dus">Wiki</a>), drei Kilometer südwestlich von Kulm </span></span><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">(<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%82dus">Wiki</a>)</span></span>:</span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">Am
Lorenzberg (Góra św. Wawrzyńca), einer Geländeerhöhung im Norden des
Dorfes, entstand im frühen Mittelalter während der Herrschaft der
Piasten <span style="color: #990000;"><b>eines der größten Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungszentren an der Weichsel</b></span>.
Seit 1996 durchgeführte archäologische Forschungen der Universität
Thorn, die an seit dem späten 19. Jahrhundert vorgenommene Ausgrabungen
anschließen, haben die Existenz einer nicht vollendeten frühromanischen
Basilika aus der ersten Hälfte des 11. Jahrhunderts sowie große
Gräberfelder, unter anderem mit Kammergräbern von Siedlern
skandinavischer Herkunft, nachgewiesen.</span></span></blockquote>
<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">Es wurde gefunden (</span></span><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><a href="http://www.chelmno.info/kaldus-ausgrabungen/">Chelmno-Info</a>):</span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">"ein
großflächiger Friedhof mit über <b>1500 Gräbern</b>, die auf eine zahlreiche
Einwohnerschaft unterschiedlicher Herkunft schließen lassen. Die
Archäologen der Universität Thorn entdeckten unter anderem fünf
Grabkammern, deren Konstruktion und Ausstattung davon zeugen, daß in
ihnen Skandinavier beigesetzt worden sind. Prof. Chudziak geht davon
aus, daß sich die Wikinger im Weichselgebiet zunächst vor allem als
Händler betätigten und im Laufe der Entwicklung des Piastenstaates auch
im Weichselgebiet ihre Dienste als Krieger anboten oder sogar
Verwaltungsfunktionen übernahmen. In der Siedlung bei Kalthaus lebte zur
Piastenzeit eine größere Gruppe von Personen skandinavischer Herkunft
als Nachbarn der einheimischen Slawen."</span></span></blockquote>
Genauer gesagt lebten im Kulmer Land (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulmerland">Wiki</a>) die Pruzzen, ein baltischer Volksstamm, der hier benachbart war zu südlichen polnischen Stämmen.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">Die Wikinger in Pień an der Weichsel</span></span> </span></span></h2>
<br />
<span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;"><span class="a" style="color: #231f20; left: 256px; top: 2772px; word-spacing: 2px;">Auch weichselaufwärts in Pień, zehn Kilometer nordwestlich von Bromberg, wurden Wikinger-Gräber gefunden. </span></span><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #231f20;">Die Wikinger in Sandomir an der Weichsel</span></h2>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: #231f20;">Sandomir wurde um 970 dem entstehenden polnischen Staat eingegliedert. Hier wurden 2013 bis 2015 die bislang ältesten Gräber aus der Zeit um 1000 n. Ztr. erforscht</span><span style="color: #231f20;">. Sie weisen viele ausländische Merkmale, bzw. Wikinger-Merkmale auf, unter anderem </span><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="color: #231f20;">(1; Suppl. 02):</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20;">eine Axt aus Grab Nr. 7, die am ehesten Entsprechungen in Funden aus Gräbern der Waräger und Rus in Osteuropa findet. (...) Die Ausrüstungsteile (hufgeformte Bronzebuckel, Äxte, als Feuerstangen genutzte Schlüssel) und die Form der Gräber legen nahe, daß in diesem Gräberfeld ebenso Waräger und Rus bestattet worden sind. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20;">Original: an axe from grave No. 7, which has the closest analogy to the finds from the cemeteries of the Varangian and Rus’ cemeteries from Eastern Europe. (...) The equipment elements (horseshoe-shaped bronze buckles, axe, key used as firesteels) and the form of the graves might indicate that the Varangians and Rus' people were also buried in the cemetery. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20;">Leider haben die hier sequenzierten Skelette zwar Y- und mitochondriale Haplotypen erbracht, aber konnten nicht für Gesamtgenom-Sequenzierung aufbereitet werden.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<h2>
<span style="color: #231f20;">Die Wikinger in Zehden an der Oder</span></h2>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: #231f20;">Zehden (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedynia">Wiki</a>) (polnisch Cedynia) liegt auf der rechten Seite der Oder nördlich des Oderbruchs. Über die Geschichte dieses Ortes im Früh- und Hochmittelalter ist bekannt </span><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="color: #231f20;">(<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedynia">Wiki</a>)</span>:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20;">Am 24. Juni 972 fand bei dem Ort die Schlacht von Zehden statt, in der Czcibor, Bruder des Piastenherzogs Mieszko I., die Truppen des Lausitzer Markgrafen Hodo schlug. Zu dieser Zeit wurde der Ort noch Cidin genannt. Um 1187 befand sich bei Zedin wahrscheinlich eine pommersche Burg. Bereits vor dem Übergang des Ortes an die Mark Brandenburg unter den Askaniern um 1250 bestand eine deutsche Siedlung städtischen Charakters, ein Oppidum. Markgraf Albrecht III. belehnte 1299 die von Jagows mit dem Oppidum, die es 1356 dem Zisterzienserinnenkloster in Zehden, das schon im 13. Jahrhundert seinen Sitz von Schönfließ in den Ort verlegt hatte, überließen. Im 14. Jahrhundert war Zehden ein Mediatstädtchen mit Ratmannen, Schultheiß und Schöffen. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20;">Und hier in Zehden nun wurden über 1.300 mittelalterliche Gräber entdeckt (1; Suppl. 02). Das Grab 558 nahe der Kirche unterschied sich von allen anderen Gräbern. Der ihm beigegebene Schwerttyp wurde um 1100 herum benutzt. Aber auch das Gesamtgenom dieses Skeletts konnte nicht gewonnen werden.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<h2>
<span style="color: #231f20;">Die Wikinger in Czersk in Westpreußen</span></h2>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: #231f20;">Die Stadt Czersk (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czersk">Wiki</a>) gehörte bis 1920 zum Landkreis Konitz (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreis_Konitz">Wiki</a>) in Westpreußen. Sie gehörte zur Kaschubei, wo bis 1234 bis zu seinem Aussterben das Geschlecht der Samboriden (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samboriden">Wiki</a>) herrschte, und die 1309 vom Deutschen Orden gewonnen wurde (<a href="https://ome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de/regionen/kaschubei">OME-Lexikon</a>). Im Landkreis Konitz lebten 1910 28.000 evangelische Deutsche und 35.000 katholische Polen und Kaschuben. Der Landkreis Konitz kam 1920 aufgrund des Versailler Vertrages als Teil des sogenannten "Korridors" an Polen. In der Nähe der Kirche </span><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="color: #231f20;">der Stadt Czersk nun findet sich </span>ein Grab aus der Zeit um 1100 n. Ztr. mit wikingischen Bezügen </span><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="color: #231f20;">(1; Suppl. 02)</span>:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #231f20;">Einige Forscher interpretieren Grab 609 als das Grab von Magnus Haroldson, einen der drei Söhne von Harald II. Godwinson, dem letzten angelsächsischen König von England.</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #231f20;">Harald Godwinson (1022-1066) (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_II._(England)">Wiki</a>) ist jener König, der die berühmte Schlacht bei Hastings gegen die Normannen unter Wilhelm dem Eroberer am 14. Oktober 1066 verloren hat und dabei auf dramatische Weise gefallen ist. Seine Verwandten mußten ins Exil gehen. Und <span style="color: #38761d;"><b>seine Tochter Gytha heiratete vier Jahre später den </b></span></span><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="color: #231f20;">Großfürsten von Kiew </span>Wladimir Wsewolodowitsch Monomach (1113-1125)</b></span>. Wenn man sich deutlich macht, daß damals solche weitreichenden Heiratsverbindungen möglich waren, wird die Geschichte des Einflusses der Wikinger auf den Hochadel der entstehenden slawischen Staaten in Rußland, Polen und Böhmen besser verständlich.</span><br />
<span style="color: #231f20;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #231f20;">Die Wikinger in Krakau an der Weichsel</span></h2>
<span style="color: #231f20;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #231f20;">Ein Gräberfeld auf einer Sanddüne am Ufer der Weichsel nahe von steil abfallenden Felsen bei Krakau-Zakrzówek enthielt mehr als 75 Gräber </span><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="color: #231f20;">(1; Suppl. 02)</span></span>. Grab 19 hatte eine zentrale, hervorgehobene Lage, die Knochen erbrachten aber keine auswertbare DNA, hingegen die Knochen eines gewöhnlichen Grabes, das einen Wetzstein enthielt.</span><br />
<br />
<h2>
Die Wikinger in Schlesien und Böhmen</h2>
<br />
Auf der Karte in
Abbildung 8 sehen wir reiche arabische Münzfunde dieser Zeit sowohl in
Schlesien wie in Böhmen. Deshalb ist es naheliegend anzunehmen, daß auch
hier zahlreiche Wikinger als Handelsherren und Krieger unterwegs
gewesen sind. 1928 wurde auf der Prager Burg an prominenter Stelle ein
Grab aus dem 10. Jahrhundert entdeckt, von dem die deutsche
archäologische Forschung sehr bald annahm, daß es sich um ein
Wikingergrab handeln würde (3-6).<br />
<br />
Dieses
Forschungsergebnis geriet dann aber sehr schnell in die Mühlen der
ideologischen Auswertungen der Zeitläufe vor und nach 1945, die auf
ähnlicher Linie lagen wie jene schon erwähnten, die bis heute seit der
Sowjetunion fortdauern. Der Autor dieser Zeilen weiß noch, wie Professor
Gotthold Rhode (1916-1990)(<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Rhode">Wiki</a>),
Mainz, Verfasser einer viel gelesenen "Geschichte Polens" und zugleich
bekannter Vertreter der deutschen Volksgruppe aus der Provinz Posen, ein
oder zwei Jahre vor seinem Tod im Historischen Seminar in Mainz über
die Annahme, daß das Königreich Polen von den Wikingern gegründet worden
sei, sprach: geradezu liebevoll aus- und abwägend, um nur ja einerseits sowohl dem polnischen Nationalgefühl und andererseits dem wissenschaftlichen
Anspruch Rechnung zu tragen.<br />
<br />
Inzwischen hat sich bezüglich all dieser Fragen so viel getan in der Forschung, daß es
wirklich an der Zeit wäre, daß dazu einmal ein guter deutschsprachiger
Überblick gegeben würde. In der Zusammenfassung einer ganz neu
erschienenen wissenschaftlichen Studie zu dem prominenten Grab auf der
Prager Burg wird ausgeführt, daß insbesondere aussagekräftige
Grabbeigaben "bemerkenswerte Ähnlichkeit aufweisen mit anderen
skandinavischen Exemplaren"*). Damit gibt es also weiterhin Hinweise darauf, daß das Herzogs- und Königshaus der Premysliden (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99emysliden">Wiki</a>) von Menschen begründet wurde, die kulturell und durch Heiratsverbindungen in wikingischen Zusammenhängen standen.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<span style="color: #231f20;">Vorläufiger Abschluß</span></h2>
<br />
<span style="color: #231f20;">Die bis hier nur sehr ausschnittsweise angeführten Angaben zu neueren archäologischen Forschungsergebnissen wecken die Neugier, noch viel mehr zu erfahren über den gesamten Wissensstand der weitreichenden Handels-, Kriegs- und Heiratsverbindungen, sowie der Lebensweise der Wikinger zwischen England und Kiew (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_expansion">Wiki</a>) (s.a. 12-18). Auch die vergleichsweise umfangreich vorliegenden Schriftquellen werden einem hier noch viele Einsichten bescheren können. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #231f20;">Man wird vielleicht vergleichsweise so sagen können: <span style="color: #073763;"><b>Während im Mittelalter alle paar Jahre ein deutscher König über die Alpen nach Rom zog, um sich dort zum Kaiser krönen zu lassen und unbotmäßige Städte in Norditalien zur Raison zu bringen, zogen alle paar Jahre Gruppen von Wikingerschiffen als angesehene Delegation des Hochadels von Kiew an den Königshof von England oder vom Königshof in England nach Kiew, bzw. an zahlreiche andere Königs- und Herzogshöfe auf halbem Weg zwischen diesen beiden Endpunkten.</b></span> Indem wir den weiten Bewegungsraum der Wikinger dieser Zeit auf uns wirken lassen, verstehen wir vielleicht auch besser, warum damals die Deutschen einen solchen "Drang" hatten, ständig aufs Neue nach Italien zu ziehen. Es war einfach der Geist der Zeit. Der Adel und die Handelsleute saßen einfach nicht allzu gerne allzu lange ruhig zu Hause. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #231f20;">Und so dicht wie die politischen, religiösen und Handelsverbindungen über die Alpen hinweg im Früh- und Hochmittelalter waren, so waren sie es eben auch von Kiew und von der Wolga bis nach England. Und so wird immer mehr Interessierten bewußt (<a href="http://www.forumbiodiversity.com/showthread.php?t=51149&page=3">Forum Biodiversity 2.9.2019</a>):</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #231f20;">Wikingerfrauen in Osteuropa stammten unter anderem aus adligen norwegischen Familien, die Waräger-Herrscher in Osteuropa heriateten. So wie die Heilige Olga, bzw Helga von Kiew, Rogneda von Polotsk (Ragnhild ist ein Name, der auch im modernen Island gebräuchlich ist). Rogneda war die Großmutter der französischen Königin Anne von Kiew. </span><br />
<span style="color: #231f20;">Original: We had female Vikings in eastern Europe, but those were from noble Norse families who married Varangian rulers in eastern Europe. Such as saint Olga of Kiev (Helga), Rogneda of Polotsk (Ragnhild - the name is found in modern Iceland). Rogneda was grandmother of French queen Anne of Kiev. </span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #231f20;">Und vielleicht gilt für den frühmittelalterlichen Hochadel Polens, Pommerns oder Estlands, was für den frühmittelalterlichen Hochadel Rußlands galt (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiewer_Rus">Wiki</a>):</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #231f20;">Die Rus stellten zunächst den Großteil der Adels-, Händler- und Kriegerschicht des Staates. Die dominierende Kultur und Sprache war (dennoch) Slawisch. </span></blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Spannend könnte auch die Frage sein, ob sich im Uradel des Baltikums, Preußens, Pommerns oder Schlesiens auffälligere Wikinger-Herkunfts-Anteile finden lassen. Der Autor dieser Zeilen stammt zum Beispiel - über die livländische Adelsfamilie von Samson-Himmelstjerna - von einer vormals bekannten baltischen Adelsfamilie ab, die den dort sehr einheimisch klingenden Namen "von Patkul" trug (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patkul_(Adelsgeschlecht)">Wiki</a>). (Allerdings stellt dieser Zweig seiner Herkunft nur einen sehr geringen Anteil seiner Gesamtherkunft dar.) Aber Menschen, deren Eltern und Vorfahren bis heute innerhalb der Adelsfamilien des Ostseeraumes geheiratet haben, könnten vielleicht einmal den Herkunftsanteil der Wikinger in ihrem Gesamterbgut bekannt machen. Das sollte doch auch so manchem Historiker interessant erscheinen und könnte zur Klärung von so mancher, seit einem Jahrhundert umstrittenen Frage beitragen. Aber natürlich hatten nicht nur Adelsfamilien Wikinger-Gene. Und da die Schweden auch nach dem Mittelalter im südlichen Ostseeraum noch Nachkommen zurück gelassen haben, muß man natürlich auch schauen, ob man diese beiden Herkunftsanteile heute noch voneinander trennen kann.<br />
<br />
Natürlich stellt sich auch die Frage, warum die Wikinger insgesamt so faszinieren können. Aber wenn wir uns spektakuläre Schiffsbegräbnisse wie die beiden seit 2008 auf der Insel Ösel entdeckten anschauen und es zusammen halten mit der altnordischen Saga-Überlieferung, brauchen wir eigentlich nicht allzu lange zu fragen: Diese Menschen führten ein Leben von einem sehr eigenen Zuschnitt. Und an ein solches Leben zu erinnern, erinnert uns an Wesensmerkmale, an Persönlichkeitsmerkmale, die durch nachherige Kulturentwicklungen sehr stark, womöglich viel zu stark in den Hintergrund gedrängt wurden, denn - wie es in einem altnordischen Schriftdokument heißt:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b>"An engem Strand, an enger See wird eng des Menschen Sinn."</b></span><br />
Original (ungefähr, der Erinnerung nach zitiert): "Littilla sanda, littilla saeva, littil ero ged guma." </blockquote>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">/ Ergänzt durch Ausführungen </span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">zum Thema Sklavenhandel: 5.10.2019;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Text neu gegliedert, neuer Titel, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">neue Zwischenüberschriften: 26.12.2019 /</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
________________________ </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
*) Im Original: "... the fire-steel. A standard item of Viking personal equipment, the shape of the Prague Castle example is different from others found in Bohemia. Although corrosion complicates identification (the original was lost in the Prague floods of 2002), the surviving drawings show the artefact to be remarkably similar to other Scandinavian examples. Furthermore, as noted above, the trefoil extensions resemble those found on axes from Gotland and Öland". </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
___________ </div>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Population genomics of the Viking world. Ashot Margaryan, Daniel John
Lawson, Martin Sikora, (...) Kristian Kristiansen, Rasmus Nielsen,
Thomas Werge, Eske Willerslev. bioRxiv 703405; Preprint, 17.7.2019, doi:
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/703405">https://doi.org/10.1101/703405</a>, <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703405v1.supplementary-material">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703405v1.supplementary-material</a> </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Bading, Ingo: Polygenetische Risikofaktoren vor 1000 Jahren, 20.7.2019, <a href="https://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2019/07/polygenetische-risiko-faktoren-vor-1000.html">https://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2019/07/polygenetische-risiko-faktoren-vor-1000.html</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Saunders, N. J., Frolík, J., & Heyd, V. (2019). Zeitgeist
archaeology: conflict, identity and ideology at Prague Castle,
1918–2018. Antiquity, 93(370), 1009–1025. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.107, url
to share this paper: sci-hub.tw/10.15184/aqy.2019.107 </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://phys.org/news/2019-08-evidence-contested-identity-medieval-skeleton.html">https://phys.org/news/2019-08-evidence-contested-identity-medieval-skeleton.html</a> </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">https://www.foxnews.com/science/mysterious-medieval-skeleton-at-prague-castle-reveals-its-secrets</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Storch: Wikinger auf dem Hradschin? Wittikobund 2017 (<a href="http://www.witikobund.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wbr.17-4.finalissimo.pdf">pdf</a>) </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.polish-online.com/polen/staedte/gnesen-mieszko-I-wikinger.php">https://www.polish-online.com/polen/staedte/gnesen-mieszko-I-wikinger.php</a> </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Was ist eine Kaptorga?, Kaptorga - Visual History, 14.06.2018, <a href="https://youtu.be/vvCGvzdN0cQ">https://youtu.be/vvCGvzdN0cQ</a> </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Bucka, Malgorzata: Auf den Spuren der Wikinger (360° - GEO Reportage). Dokumentation einer Bootsfahrt von der Ostsee bis zum Schwarzen Meer im Jahr 2006; veröffentlicht 2018, <a href="https://youtu.be/Zsj8iSV3nQE">https://youtu.be/Zsj8iSV3nQE</a> </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Buko, Andrzej: Bodzia - A Late Viking-Age Elite Cemetery in Central
Poland (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450,
Band 27) Brill Academic, 2014 (<a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=VAOjBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA28&ots=-s5EoxcKT9&dq=Pie%C5%84%20vistula&hl=de&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=Pie%C5%84%20vistula&f=false">GB</a>) </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Duczko, Władysław: With Vikings or without? Scandinavians in Early
Medieval Poland. Approaching an old problem. In: Scandinavian Culture in
Medieval Poland, ed. S. Moździoch, B. Stanisławski, P. Wiszewski, Reihe
Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies t. II, Wrocław 2013 (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39371258/Scandinavian_culture_in_Medieval_Poland">Academia</a>) </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Rohrer, Wiebke: Wikinger oder Slawen? Die ethnische Interpretation frühpiastischer Bestattungen mit Waffenbeigabe in der deutschen und polnischen Archäologie. [Studien zur Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung 26] Verlag Herder-Institut Marburg 2012 [Diss. 2010, Universität Freiburg] (<a href="https://digital.herder-institut.de/publications/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/112/file/Studien_26_ISBN_9783879693764.pdf">pdf</a>)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Duczko, Władysław: Viking Rus. Studies on the presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe, kolekcja History, seria The Northern World, Bd. 12. Brill, Leiden, Boston 2004 (praca habilitacyjna) (<a href="https://books.google.de/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&lpg=PR2&hl=de&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">GB</a>)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Martin M.: Reiches wikingerzeitliches Gräberfeld in Polen, 21. Dezember
2011,
<a href="http://www.nornirsaett.de/ratselhaftes-wikingerzeitliches-graber-in-polen/">http://www.nornirsaett.de/ratselhaftes-wikingerzeitliches-graber-in-polen/</a> </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Chudziak, Wojciech: Remarks on particular material traces of
Scandinavian culture in Pomerania. In: Scandinavian Culture in Medieval
Poland, ed. S. Moździoch, B.
Stanisławski, P. Wiszewski, Reihe Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies t.
II, Wrocław 2013 (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/39371258/Scandinavian_culture_in_Medieval_Poland">Academia</a>) </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Buko, Andrzej: Vortrag in polnischer Sprache über Bodzia: Elity społeczne państwa pierwszych Piastów? (przykład odkryć na cmentarzysku w Bodzi k. Włocławka). Mai 2013, <a href="https://youtu.be/NGq3tF4Xt5g">https://youtu.be/NGq3tF4Xt5g</a> </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Duczko, Władysław: Status and Magic. Ornaments used by the Bodzia
Elites, w: Bodzia. A Late Viking-Age Elite Cemetery in Central Poland,
wyd. Brill, Leiden–Boston 2015 </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Wikingerpark auf der Insel Wolin in Polen - am Ufer der Dziwna. Ein Travelnetto-Video, 02.09.2016, <a href="https://youtu.be/8dgmq-HMSy8">https://youtu.be/8dgmq-HMSy8</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles. Edmund Gilbert (...) Gianpiero L. Cavalleri, James F. Wilson. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sep 2019, 201904761; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904761116</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Vikings in Medieval Russia. By Natalia Grigoreva and Vyacheslav Moiseyev / Gnezdovo, Russia. By Tamara Pushkina and Alexandra Buzhilova. Im Anhang 1 von (1) (<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/07/17/703405/DC1/embed/media-1.pdf?download=true">pdf</a>)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Graichen, Gisela: Die Schatzinsel der Wikinger. Reihe: Schliemanns Erben. ZDF 2003. Auf: mwiemeikel22, 07.04.2013, <a href="https://youtu.be/geUY3utqSpI">https://youtu.be/geUY3utqSpI</a> [tolle Dokumentation zu Bornholm, Ladoga-See und anderen Ausgrabungen in Rußland]</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">In The Footsteps of Rurik. A guide to the Viking History of Northwest Russia. By Dan Carlsson and Adrian Selin. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2012 (<a href="https://www.academia.edu/3763126/In_The_Footsteps_of_Rurik._A_guide_to_the_Viking_History_of_Northwest_Russia._By_Dan_Carlsson_and_Adrian_Selin">Academia</a>) </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard By Niall O’Sullivan, Cosimo Posth, Valentina Coia, Verena J. Schuenemann, T. Douglas Price, Joachim Wahl, Ron Pinhasi, Albert Zink, Johannes Krause, Frank Maixner. In: Science Advances, 05 Sep 2018, <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/9/eaao1262">https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/9/eaao1262</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles. Edmund Gilbert, Seamus O’Reilly (...) Gianpiero L. Cavalleri, James F. Wilson. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sep 2019, 116 (38) 19064-19070; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904761116 </li>
</ol>
Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-42447256870299228322015-03-15T11:42:00.000+01:002017-04-17T10:28:06.719+02:00The Vikings at the Azores<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The Vikings visited the Azores Islands, they left their house mouses there which are a proof of that</b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Azores Islands - they are located in the middle of the Atlantic. 1369 kilometers away from Europe, 2342 kilometers away from Newfoundland in Canada. They are small, stormy islands with subtropical climate.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQARDZFaHxp0ite-9E3oR6Y4fb-OXl4HoGrkeEX78Gw2kp8wGvH3K2oDkkwDvIr-zeU05av3o58pLjpNHrWtV7pKLZNir4FA11jlnXcSvPiHtEc51MhwDopeWZDn2h-N8xh3PpqW4m70/s1600/oseberg_excavation2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQARDZFaHxp0ite-9E3oR6Y4fb-OXl4HoGrkeEX78Gw2kp8wGvH3K2oDkkwDvIr-zeU05av3o58pLjpNHrWtV7pKLZNir4FA11jlnXcSvPiHtEc51MhwDopeWZDn2h-N8xh3PpqW4m70/s1600/oseberg_excavation2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Viking vessel unearthed in Scandinavia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
According to a new study (1) they were visited and settled by Vikings from Norway. Genetic studies found house mouses with ancestry from Norway at two islands of the Azores (1). For the island Madeira (not part of the Azores) genetic studies on house mouses some years ago had confirmed that they were visited by Vikings from Denmark. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
But there a hints on human settlement of tze Azores before the time of the Vikings: 200 years ago there were detected coins from Carthage of the 4th century b.c. at the Azores.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2006 a genetic study in humans found hints at the Azores of viking ancestry. The islanders have the highest rate of homozygotes for a northern european gene that is a protection against HIV-1. These genetic footprints can be found downwards to the isle São Tomé and Príncipe at the western coast of Africa (Human Biology 2006). Some quotes from the new study (1):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
“Among the islands of the Azorean archipelago, Santa Maria and Terceira produced the most unexpected results. (…) The mice on Santa Maria are predominantly clade F, which unlike the other highly represented clades in the Azores (clades B, C and D) has not been found in either Portugal or southern Spain, nor in the neighbouring archipelagos of Madeira and the Canaries. Clade F has a geographical range that matches well with the realm of influence of the Norwegian Vikings (coastal Norway, northern and western Scotland, Ireland, Iceland: Jones et al., 2012). Norwegian Vikings were certainly transporting mice of this clade (based on sequencing of Viking Age mouse specimens from Iceland and Greenland: Jones et al., 2012), and were excellent mariners, and crossed enormous water gaps, so it is not inconceivable that they visited the Azores, leaving mice as evidence of that event, as suggested for Danish Vikings and Madeira (Gündüz et al., 2001; Förster et al., 2009). (…)</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
The first written document with a reference to the peopling of the Azores dates back to 1439, according to which the Portuguese crown ordered “sheep to be released in the seven Azorean islands in preparation for human settlement” (Crosby, 2004).” </blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The norwegian housemouse were found at the eastern Azores islands Terceira und Santa Maria. And (1):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
“Interestingly, based on medieval maps and Scandinavian texts, Kelley (1979) has already speculated that Norwegian Vikings may have found their way to the Azores.” </blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For that see: (2). So, is this a new argument for the discussions around the Vinland map?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
________________________________________________
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>Gabriel SI1, Mathias ML, Searle JB: Of mice and the “Age of Discovery” - The complex history of colonization of the Azorean archipelago by the house mouse (Mus musculus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA variation. J Evol Biol. 2014 Nov 14. doi: 10.1111/jeb.12550</li>
<li>Kelley Jr, J.E. 1979. Non-Mediterranean influences that shaped the Atlantic in the early Portolan charts. Imago Mundi, 31: 18–35</li>
<li>Die Geschichte von Erich dem Roten und Leif dem Glücklichen. Die Saga von den Männern die auf Grönland siedeln und Amerika entdecken. Übertragen von Gustav Wenz. Verlag von Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig o.J. [1935] [Isländer-Geschichten. Hrsg. u. übertragen von Gustav Wenz, I. Reihe, 2. Bd.; zw. 1935 und 1937]</li>
</ol>
Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-19877042830621035912011-10-09T12:46:00.000+02:002015-12-12T11:56:30.772+01:00Division of Labour as a Driving Force in Cultural Evolution<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Research in Sweden in Evolutionary Anthropology</b><br />
<br />
With a big surprise I find, that researchers in Sweden - <a href="http://www.intercult.su.se/personal.php?lang=e">a research group around Professor Magnus Enquist</a> - is working about the same theme that is important to me since 15 years (1). Mostly the mathematician Micael Ehn (<a href="http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/events/workshops/index.php/Micael_Ehn">a</a>, <a href="https://plus.google.com/112728376893014668403#112728376893014668403/photos">b</a>) is working about <i>"Division of labour and specialization as a driving force in cultural evolution"</i>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I am working about this theme since 1996, when I was as a doctoral student with Professor Eckart Voland in Giessen. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
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My focus is to combine cultural and genetic evolution (to combine "Adam Smith and W. D. Hamilton") in saying that specialization enables societies to dimish the mean kinship coefficient r between the specialist and the reciever of his "altruistic" acts in Hamilton's unequation c/b < r. By specialization it is easier for me to help more people with less of effort. And so the kinship coefficient r between me and other members of the group can sink without acting as an altruist toward members of the group is becoming genetically unfavourable. So maybe in groups beyond hunter-gatherer-societies - in sendentary, complex, agrarian societies - the same "strong" kinship-altruism can be the underlying mechanism of the evolution of human altruism, even if the mean kinship coefficient r inside these societies is becoming lower.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCxOuufrsymuD6-6BXnNYRLGYkrom9OHXhdf6v647wgI1FNp2Ju81e0BygyiF1Tf-uKaAI3Zdfdxg5P2xqnioK-KJD9ae4zii48IpKoJPxR6fg5xOGdQKjDiqgEqd080mA76LGhbF6P_I/s1600/Michael+Ehn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCxOuufrsymuD6-6BXnNYRLGYkrom9OHXhdf6v647wgI1FNp2Ju81e0BygyiF1Tf-uKaAI3Zdfdxg5P2xqnioK-KJD9ae4zii48IpKoJPxR6fg5xOGdQKjDiqgEqd080mA76LGhbF6P_I/s1600/Michael+Ehn.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Micael Ehn</td></tr>
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My expectation is, that this rationality is important for the future study of complex societies and economies and for a discipline like Evolutionary Economics. (For a long time theory in Evolutionary Economics and in Historical Demography was not developed as it could have been, if taking William D. Hamilton and Evolutionary Psychology would have been taken into account as a whole.)</div>
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I have begun to work about this theory by looking for data in pre-industrial, agrarian societies worldwide, for example in Early Modern Age Europe where we have good data of all sorts about the development of societies: demography, personal income, reproductivity of different agrarian regions, their different degrees of division of labour. Examples are: Southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland. So that a comparative view and research is possible. </div>
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Now I have to read the paper "On the causes and effects of specialization - A mathematical approach" (2). But the paper "Modeling Specialization and Division of Labor in Cultural Evolution" (3) seems not to be available at the moment. It has five chapters:<br />
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1: Theoretic and Empirical studies of Division of Labor and Specialization: An interdisciplinary survey<br />
2: Specialization leads to feedback cycles in cultural evolution<br />
3: Under what circumstances can copying lead to increased cultural diversity?<br />
4: Adaptive Strategies for Cumulative Cultural Learning<br />
5: Temporal Discounting Leads to Social Stratification</blockquote>
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- I have not published very much of my thoughts yet. <a href="http://studgen.blogspot.com/2011/09/hamiltons-unequation-and-principle-of.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Here you can find a short outline </a>of them. But I am reading these papers with a lot of mixed emotions! Because they are the papers that I SHOULD (!!!!) have published 15 years ago! :-) Never mind! It is very welcome for me, not to be so alone any more with this themes, than I have been and I have felt with in the last two decades.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The economy of a village in pre-industrial times as a "modell organism"</b></span><br />
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For people, who are able to read german, maybe it is interesting, <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/08/rez-w-trobach-c-zimmermann-die.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">to read this review I have written in 2008</a> in which a lot of thoughts of my dissertation are outlined also: the economy of a village in pre-industrial times as a "modell organism". And there is given some german scientific literature of agrarian history, that is very useful for this work (e.g. Bernd Herrmann, Ernst Pitz, Michael Mitterauer, Eckart Schremmer and so on). Bernd Herrman for example has published - together with other researchers - a lot of good thoughts about a theory of the "flow of energy" in the village economy (that is always in one way or the other structured by division of labour). And demography is - according to Herrmann and coauthors - much more often in dependence of social factors but natural factors. Even in strange natural surroundings like Greenland, the Andes or the Oasis of Fachi.</div>
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So a good theory of division of labour has a lot to say for historical demography. Here there are to be explored the so called "demographic regimes", the "Bevölkerungsweise" according to famous historical demographer Gerhard Mackenroth, the good friend of the famous Swedish social scientist Gunnar Myrdal. So we have reasons to look forward to a great contribution of Swedish science to the exploration of the function of complex human societies in evolutionary terms.</div>
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(It was some years ago, when the innovative research group of Magnus Enquist has already had come into my attention. Then I have made a research blogging post [in german] [4] about a paper concerning the human ability to differentiate between adaptive and maladaptive traits, which seemed to me also a very exciting and important point.)</div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Micael Ehn, Anna-Carin Stymne and Magnus Enquist: Specialization: A Driving Force in Cultural Evolution – Theory and Data. EHBEA’11. 6th International Conference, March 24 - 26, 2011, Gießen, Germany, PROGRAMME & ABSTRACTS</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Micael Ehn: On the causes and effects of specialization - A mathematical approach. <a href="http://www.dissertations.se/dissertation/55accde798/">University dissertation from Västerås</a>. Mälardalens högskola, 2009</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Micael Ehn: Modeling Specialization and Division of Labor in Cultural Evolution. <a href="http://www.dissertations.se/dissertation/d1c7c0d38f/">University dissertation from Västerås</a>. Mälardalen University, 2011</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Bading, Ingo: <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2007/11/die-menschliche-fhigkeit-zum.html">Die menschliche Fähigkeit zum Unterscheiden von günstigen und ungünstigen kulturellen Merkmalen</a>, Studium generale, Research Blogging, 31.8.2008</span></li>
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Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-19739300358946635232011-09-13T10:27:00.000+02:002015-12-12T11:58:20.375+01:00Hamilton's Unequation and the Principle of Division of Labour in Complex Societies<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b>A naturalistic theory for Adam Smith's principle of division of labour</b></div>
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The evolution of "strong" altruism is possible according to Hamilton's unequation <b>c/b < r</b>. </div>
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Yet, in research seldom it has been asked for the consequences of the division of labour (according to Adam Smith) for the evolution of altruism in complex systems and societies. Division of labour <i>diminishes</i> the costs of an altruistic act (c) and <i>enhances</i> the benefit (b) of it by professional specialization. So the mean kinship coefficient r between the altruistic specialist and the receiver of his altruistic acts should be able to be lower than without division of labour for evolutionary stability of this form of altruism.</div>
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The "jack of all trades" is not able to act for so many people so easily in altruistic acts than the professional specialist in a well-organized complex society. A pediatrician needs to save the life of 20 children with a mean r of 0,05 to him to do the same - in evolutionary terms - as to rear one own child.</div>
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In the theoretical thinking about the evolution of altruism in complex societies at the moment group selection is favored by a lot of scientists (the theory of "superorganism") (W.O.H. Hughes, Samuel Bowles in "Science", E.O. Wilson, D.S. Wilson and B. Hölldobler in "PNAS" and elsewhere). We have hints, that this form of cooperation has to be maintained by "increased rates of dominance, policing, or punishment" (1). But is it possible, that the effects of division of labour are playing a decisive role in the evolution of altruism, cooperation and commitment mainly in complex societies and complex systems (multicellular life) by avoiding such mechanisms of dominance, policing or punishment?</div>
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Most societies in human history are confronted with social, not with physical constraints for the growth of their population. If this constraints were diminished by division of labour, by acts of altruism done by professional specialists, than these societies and their inner cooperation could be stabilized by the motivation of kinship altruism even in the greater societies that show diminished mean kinship coefficient between its members.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Hamilton's famous unequation and Adam Smith's principle of division of labour</b></span><br />
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Hamilton's unequation in words: The (fitness-)costs of an altruistic act divided by the (fitness-)benefit of an altruistic act have to be smaller than the degree of relationship between the altruist and the receiver of the altruist's act. This is the condition of the evolutionary stability of altruistic behaviour. The certain values of costs and benefits are modulated by a lot of circumstances, which have to been taken into account. Since Adam Smith for example it is common sense, that division of labour and specialisation can increase the benefits and diminsh the costs of an altruistic act. By that the degree of relationship between actor and recipient can be reduced, to be evolutionary stable. This way of thinking hasn't been very much explored yet. But this formular can be applied not only to complex human societies, but even to complex, mulitcellular organisms up to organisms, which live in groups and states of every kind.</div>
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At first instance this way of thinking could be applied to the first, simple, sedentary tribes, farming communities which have more than 500 members or so. In societies with less than 500 members one has to suppose that simple kinship altruism dominates (for more details, see: 2). But if societies grow, the importance of division of labour for the structuring of societies and social exchange inside of them grow, while the degree of relationship between the members of a given society declines. No one knows at the moment which of both grows or declines faster in relationship to the other. So, could it be, that the principle of inclusive fitness comes into play through specialisation and division of labour even in industrialised, complex societies?</div>
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Someone has to pay attention to a lot of laws, if he explores the connection between kinship altruism and divsion of labour. At first instance there is the law of growing complex societies: At the one end there exists for example modern India for a lot of decades in the last hundred years: <i><u>Population growth without very much growth of economic and social complexity.</u></i> The consequence is diminished well-being and diminished whealth of the whole society (see for example slums and so on). At the other end there are for example the western industrialized societies (Western Europe, North America, Australia): <i><u>Population growth parallel to the growth of economic and social complexity</u></i> (at least before the invention of the "pill" and the demographic change during the 20th century).</div>
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A naturalistic theory of division of labour has to be developed by acknowledging this two possibilities of population growth. The (fitness-)“value” of one specialist for his group, his society depends on the conditions and laws of the former growing of his group or society up to this situation, up to this state of affairs. In Western Europe there existed - for example - the <i><u>“european marriage pattern”</u></i>: Someone was able to have children, to marry and to build a family, if he had a secure position, profession in the complex society of his group. By this rule or pattern population growth was connected to the growth of social and economic complexity. On the whole, growth of the population wasn't possible by diminishing the well-being of this society.</div>
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Someone has to explore, for example, how population growth in societies in pre-industrialized times was regulated. Every region, every society, every ethnie followed different laws and different time scales of its growth (or even decrease) of population due to its special historical, economic, geographic, social and cultural circumstances. In european history mostly enhanced population growth in a country correlated with the political, cultural and economic predominance, leadership of that country in that special phase of history. Often this countries and phases are regions and phases of a lot of cultural, scientific, technical, social inventions and innovations. Examples are North Italy, Southern Germany and the Netherlands in the times of the Renaissance, France in the times of Louis XIV’s, England in the times of queen Elizabeth I., Germany in the times of Bismarck. At the end of the 19th century France had a very slow population growth, while Germany had a very strong one. </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Bavaria, Austria and Switzerland</b></span></div>
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On a smaler scale: Population in Bavaria and Austria was mostly stable after the re-invention of the catholic faith and the expatriation of the protestant middle class specialists in the 17th century. At the same time the protestant regions – the Netherlands, England –, which had been able to maintain their religious freedom and protestant faith, flourished (in well-being, population and economic complexity).</div>
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On even smaler scale: Switzerland, Austria and Bavaria can be divided into different ecological zones which correlate with different economical zones. The inner alps followed different laws of population stability and growth than the pasture regions. And the pasture regions followed different laws than regions, where cultivation of whine, vegetable and corn dominated. In the detailed circumstances of the given regional society and the given circumstances of every day life and economic conditions we have to find the hidden laws, which have to be explored to reach a formular, by which someone is able to estimate the importance and role of kinship altruism for the evolution of complex societies. In the detailed circumstances of the division of labour in the primary, the secondary and the tertiary economic sector of a given society.</div>
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I began a dissertation about this theme in 1996 at the University of Gießen, Germany. Because of a lot of circumstances the work hasn't brought to an satisfying end yet. But even 15 years later, I think that this work about the relationship between kinship altruism and division of labour in the development of complex societies in human history worldwide is still worth to be done.</div>
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<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Kellner, Katrin; Heinze, Jürgen: Absence of Nepotism in Genetically Heterogeneous Colonies of a Clonal Ant. Ethology, 117/2011</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Samuel Bowles; Herbert Gintis: A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution. Princeton University Press 2011 </span></li>
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Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-19365195393768633832010-08-27T16:49:00.000+02:002010-08-27T16:58:09.949+02:00Consumer Genetics<div style="text-align: justify;">There is a good letter in <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7310/full/4661040a.html">"Nature", 26.8.2010</a> by Christopher Kanan, discussing consumer genetics:<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><blockquote><span style="font-weight: bold;">Consumers have a right to affordable genetic testing</span><br /><br />There is no good reason for people to have access to their personal genetic information only through medical experts, as Arthur Beaudet suggests (Nature 466, 816–817; 2010). Such tests provide an incentive for consumers to learn about genetics and to support genetics research, while encouraging them to make reasonably informed decisions about their health.<br /><br />Consumers have a right to acquire affordable information about their genetic profile. Independent studies could verify the quality of the data gathered, and this could easily be done by product-review organizations such as the US-based Consumers Union.<br /><br />Regulating the quality of data interpretation would be harder, especially because data-inference models improve over time. Companies should explain that their models for interpreting genetic material are probabilistic and imperfect. They should also reference the studies used to generate these models and allow users to download the uninterpreted data.<br /><br />Some companies warn consumers that they should not change their lifestyle if they learn they have a higher risk of a disease. But if a test indicates that a person's risk of developing heart disease is above average, they may exercise more and eat better. Is this any worse than changing your behaviour because your father died of heart disease?<br /><br />Beaudet suggests that ancestry tests may be acceptable with limited regulation, but that using the same genetic material to infer health-related information should have medical approval. Why should one type of genetic test be acceptable and the other not? Consumers may make life-altering decisions based on that information in both cases, but the fear that this information will harm them is speculative.<br /><br />Because some genetic tests may have to compete with less expensive, direct-to-consumer products, people calling for a ban on such tests should declare any competing financial interests.</blockquote>Caution is recommended - but basically the information about his own genetic heritage should be free for everyone and should be given without much paternalism.<br /></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-26696073380665055472009-10-16T22:31:00.000+02:002009-11-21T08:51:02.148+01:00About "Studium generale"<div style="text-align: justify;">In the "profile" there is not enough space to give an acount of my interests in science and research. So I like to give this here.<br /><br />I have studied history, biology and philosophy.<br /><br />At the moment I'm interested in ...<br /><br />... <span style="font-weight: bold;">the evolution of (professional) commitment</span> in complex societies: Especially in the relationship between kinship-altruism and the divsion of labour in complex societies. (The evolution of the "Prinzip Verantwortung".) <span style="font-weight: bold;">Theory</span> (W.D. Hamilton's r>C/B) proposes, that a) commitment (= altruism), b) the grade of economic complexity of a society and c) its demography are interwoven and connected with each other - not exclusively but also - via kinship-altruism. And that means: kin-recognition and the finetuning of the grade of genetic relatedness between people in historical and current societies via endogamy/exogamy could be pivotal in the long run. And because of that there is also an interest in a lot of <span style="font-weight: bold;">empirical questions</span> like<br /><br />- the demography of complex societies, their <span style="font-style: italic;">"<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_0" class="blsp-spelling-error">Bevölkerungsweise</span>"</span> (in the word of Gerhard <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_1" class="blsp-spelling-error">Mackenroth</span>), their<span style="font-style: italic;"> "demographic regimes"</span>.<br /><br />- the archaeological research about the first complex societies of humankind: the <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_2" class="blsp-spelling-error">pre</span>-pottery and pottery neolithic cultures in the Near East and Europe, their demography and their division of labour.<br /><br />- the research about the economic and social history of <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_3" class="blsp-spelling-error">pre</span>-industrial European farming societies, their demography and their division of labour.<br /><br />- the reproductive benefits of religiosity ("Evolutionary Religious Studies").<br /><br />- <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_4" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lewontin's</span> Fallacy (= ideology instead of science).<br /><br />But I'm interested also in general questions<br /><br />... about biological evolution (e.g. Joachim Bauer, Simon Conway Morris) and in all new trends in human genetics and sociobiology, in "group selection theory" and "social brain theory" (Robin Dunbar),<br /><br />... about the evolution of altruism and spite, deception and self-deception, cheating and cheater detection, especially ...<br /><br />... about the history and current political influence of Intelligence Services, Lobby groups, freemasonry, political murder, corruption, disinformation and manipulated democracy (e.g. Regina <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_5" class="blsp-spelling-error">Igel's</span> "<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_6" class="blsp-spelling-error">Terrorjahre</span>"; Wolfram <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_7" class="blsp-spelling-error">Baentsch's</span> "<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_8" class="blsp-spelling-error">Doppelmord</span> an <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_9" class="blsp-spelling-error">Uwe</span> <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_10" class="blsp-spelling-error">Barschel</span>", Kevin MacDonald's "A Culture of Critique"),<br /><br />... about the philosophy of a naturalistic worldview and<br /><br />... about new forms of non-monotheistic religiosity and philosophy in the 20th and 21st century in Germany, Europe and worldwide. </div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-68366406986220923622008-02-18T11:45:00.000+01:002019-04-18T09:29:17.491+02:00The reproductive benefits of an anthroposophic lifestyle<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">Abstract</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><br />Scientific data about people following an "anthroposophic lifestyle" show that new forms of religiosity and spirituality developed mainly in the 20</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">th </span><span lang="EN-GB">century are able to enhance birth rates of people, also of those who have left the traditional Christian churches.<br /><br />The german version of this article can be found ---> </span><span style="font-size: 10;"><a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/02/der-anthroposophische-lebensstil-als.html"><span lang="EN-GB">here</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Introduction</b><br /><br />The young discipline of "Evolutionary Religious Studies" (</span><a href="http://evolution.binghamton.edu/religion/index.html"><span lang="EN-GB">ERS</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) has made a lot of progress in the last few years. (1 - 3) At the moment, this discipline is concerned in the first place with modern world religions or with tribal predecessors - like Judaism – which have survived in modern times. But what about their modern "successors"? Sometimes it is assumed that forms of atheism or "political ideologies" can be viewed as evolutionary and historical "successors" of the former, demographically successful world religions. But no one has ever been able to show, that atheism has a positive influence on birth rate, and on the stability of human groups over a longer time-span, which are some of the most important indicators of the evolutionary adaptability of elements in human culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />So, we have to be aware that modern world religions and their most important tribal predecessor today - Judaism - are only a few thousand years old. This is a very short time measured in evolutionary periods. It is very plausible to assume, that they have been established in world history mostly by a process of cultural <i>and</i> genetic individual <i>and</i> group selection. Christianity for example has begun as a small religious sect and minority among other cultural, ethnic and religious groups which were formed by the majority of people in those days and which all had their own reproductive success and "group evolutionary stability" in their time. This means that they were able to maintain their own "evolutionary stable strategy" or "group evolutionary strategy", i.e., they were able to maintain their "reproductive regime". The last term is the English word for the German term "Bevölkerungsweise" introduced by the well known German demographer Gerhard Mackenroth (1903 - 1955).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjs-VPFGS_mZPjyc7R1OeP0QXoSEZJ6JCwSm64E4UYoV-064CFME-Qu9uqWpp6crYQztPcSH7ci5Yla1z2vDS5hC0t_HncReuO1LpAUjicqeXZ1OTLHmd-2lWZw5b-tgA1ufX_0wXonzo/s1600/Trekkingsandalen_fcm.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjs-VPFGS_mZPjyc7R1OeP0QXoSEZJ6JCwSm64E4UYoV-064CFME-Qu9uqWpp6crYQztPcSH7ci5Yla1z2vDS5hC0t_HncReuO1LpAUjicqeXZ1OTLHmd-2lWZw5b-tgA1ufX_0wXonzo/s1600/Trekkingsandalen_fcm.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Abb. 1: "Badging" - the use of culturally-generated external signals of group membership (<a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Trekkingsandalen_fcm.jpg">Wiki</a>)</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB">But a lot of those cultural, religious and ethnic groups that have existed parallel to early Christianity have lost their former ability for reproductive success and group coherence in the centuries that followed, while Christianity successfully maintained its ability in world history for the next two thousand years. The roman Emperor Julian the Apostate, for example, was not able to maintain and reerect the former successful "group evolutionary strategies" of paganism of the ancient world in the face of upcoming Christianity in his times. There are a lot of other adherents of ancient religions and ethnicities worldwide who experienced failure in the face of the triumph of the world religions around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />There are a lot of good hypotheses why Christianity was so successful in evolution and history and why the old pagan religions were not able to maintain their "reproductive regimes". The most convincing is that it was the new scientific thinking of the Greeks which destroyed the former "reproductive regime" of the ancient world that was stabilized by tribal religiosity. And Christianity "imitated" the rationality in scientific thinking of the Greeks in the area of religion to an extreme that has never been seen in the world before. (25) But the rise of a naturalistic worldview and philosophy in the face of Christianity in the last thousand years has convinced a majority of people in the northern hemisphere that the old forms of world religions can not be any more the moral and religious stabilisators of a successful "reproductive regime" of progressive, enlighted, modern societies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />One may presume that from a historical point we are now at the beginning of another "phase transition" in world history (that is in the history of the northern hemisphere) which creates a new "reproductive regime", stabilized by a new, modern form of religiosity. *)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />Today, more and more people are wondering about what kind of religiosity could stop the demographic decline of the western world and will thereby maintain the former reproductive success of the people in the northern hemisphere. It is obvious that atheism in the course of history has never had this quality. On the contrary, it has caused the described demographic decline. It does not even seem very plausible that atheism will achieve the quality to stop demographic decline in the future. (- Or will possibly such a fictitious world as the one shown in the famous novel "Brave new world" by Aldous Huxley come true by establishing such inhumane and apparently psychologically nearly impossible "reproductive regimes"?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />As far as I know at the moment, there is no scientific evidence in literature that shows a possibility <i>by principle</i> to enhance fertility rate of people in modern western societies by a <i>modern</i> religiosity of the 20</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">th</span><span lang="EN-GB"> century and not only by the ancient forms of religiosity of traditional world religions. These ancient forms have an above-average reproductive success today; because their successful "group evolutionary strategies" have been selected many centuries ago. And maybe the inborn psychology of the ethnicities in the western world have also been adapted to these ancient forms of religiosity in some way or other by living thousand years under their "reproductive regime". This is also assumed for the "Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence". (5) We can hypothesize about the decline of the frequence of "warrior genes" (MAOA-genes) or ADHS-genes in ethnicities of the northern hemisphere because of the more peaceful "reproductive regime" of Christianity, for example.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />But most people in science at least do not assume, think, know or hope (6), that these <i>old</i> "reproductive regimes", these <i>old</i> "group evolutionary strategies" of the traditional world religions or of Judaism are of that kind of religiosity that will be of reproductive success for modern secular societies in the western world in the future. Atheism does also not seem to be a reproductive advantage to its adherents. There fore, could it be possible to establish a new religious "group evolutionary strategy" in modern societies, that is more successful in reproduction than atheism?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Methods<br /></b>Is there any group that could be an example for this? A glimpse into literature about people following an "anthroposophic lifestyle" could be a hint. Anthroposophy was founded by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner"><span lang="EN-GB">Rudolf Steiner (1861 - 1925)</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">. He was an admirer of Friedrich Nietzsche and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (7) but also in a way of Jesus and Buddha. Today, people following an "anthroposophic lifestyle" can be found in </span><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Western Europe</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB"> (</span><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Western Germany</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">, the </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Netherlands</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">, </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Switzerland</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">, </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Sweden</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">, </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Great Britain</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">) as well as in the </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">United States</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB"> and </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Australia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">. In </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Germany</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB"> they run the most private schools in which they practise the so called "Waldorf-education". In </span><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Western Germany</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB"> there are about 200 schools with 80.000 children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />They have their own Kindergarten, too, as well as their own "anthroposophic medicine", physicians, hospitals and old people’s homes. These are all indicators for a high social engagement and shows social responsibility. These are also indicators for areas of prevailing female activity. Example: More females than males are among the patients of anthroposophic physicians. And it is a fact that only very few women are members of atheistic organisations - for example of the german "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno_Foundation"><span lang="EN-GB">Giordano Bruno-Stiftung</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">". (22, 23) (The same is true for the "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_brights"><span lang="EN-GB">Brights movement</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">").<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />A lot of people following the "anthroposophic lifestyle" work at universities and in medical research, they have their own established research programmes and scientific journals. People who are living a so called "anthroposophic lifestyle" have been object of various studies and meta-studies in medicine (8 - 13). They have also been focused on in education research (14, 15) and religious studies (7, 16 - 20).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Results<br /></b>Thousands of people with an "anthroposophic lifestyle" have been subject of scientific research in various areas. (8 - 20)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>In general:</b> The underlying trend and some of the more important results are: There are a lot more people among them with academic education than in control groups, and less people living alone compared to control groups. Children who experience Waldorf-education have more brothers and sisters than control groups. Family size or the "number of people per household" are slightly above the average. There are much less smokers and people being overweight among them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Attitude towards the Steiner philosophy and Waldorf-education:</b> What about religion? Regarding this group this is a very complex question, because the majority of people following the anthroposophic lifestyle seem <i>not</i> to identify themselves with the anthroposophic philosophy of Rudolf Steiner. The majority of them have a sceptical attitude towards the Steiner philosophy. But in what do<i> </i>they believe instead? 1.124 of persons who experienced Waldorf-education were asked in the winter of 2004/05 in questionnaires about their life, their religion and religious attitudes. This study group was born between the 1930s and 1970s. (14 - 16) The results: 60 % are sceptical towards the Steiner philosophy or reject it. But 80 % of them would repeat their Waldorf-education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />This means that there is obviously a high identification with the practical consequences of this philosophy but not with the philosophy itself. And this may be typical for people with an anthroposophic lifestyle. But we have to be aware of the fact that there might be a minority - an "inner core" of adherents of the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner - who seem to be essential for the coherence, the survival and the growth of the group and its social activities for over eighty years now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Political orientation:</b> Half of the mentioned 1.124 people sympathize with political parties. And half of those sympathizing with political parties are sympathizing with the German party <i>"Bündnis 90/Die Grünen"</i> (the green party). And half of the other halve of people sympathizing with political parties are sympathizing with social democracy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB">Birth rate:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">692 of the 1.124 had children (61 %) and 352 (30 %) did not have children. 50 % of them were between 30 and 37 years old. 253 were between 64 and 68 years old and had an average of 2,2 children per person. 236 were between 50 and 60 years old and had 2,0 children per person. 542 were between 30 and 37 years old and had 0,9 children per person till now. (15, p. 6) If these 542 with some plausibility will have at the end of their lives twice as many children as now, they will have <b>1,8</b> children per person. And this would mean a birth rate of the whole study group of 1,9<b> </b>children per person. (24)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Membership in churches:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">In </span><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Western Germany</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB"> in the year 2004 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB">19 % </span></b><span lang="EN-GB">of the people were no members of a church and 74 % were members of a Christian church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />(In </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Germany</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB"> as a whole in the year 2005 there were<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">32 % with no membership of a church and 65 % members of a church,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">that is because in the former [predominantly atheistic] </span><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Eastern Germany</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB"> in the year 2005 there were<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">70 % with no membership in a church and 27 % members of a church.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />In the whole study group of 1.124 people who experienced Waldorf-education (all from </span><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Western Germany</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">) there were<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB">43 %</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> with no membership of a church and 57 % members of a church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Briefly, among people following an anthroposophic lifestyle there are more than twice as many people who have left the traditional Christian churches than in the control group. This is also true for the older people, born in the 1930s, but there is an upward tendency among the younger persons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />This is a case that seems not to have been studied very often in "Evolutionary Religious Studies" yet: Non-membership in Christian churches twice as much than the average <i>and</i> birth rate above the average. And at the same time a group with members with academic education above the average too.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />Here are some more details: Among the members of a church of the 1.124 (this means among the 57 % of the whole of the study group):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">55 % are members of a protestant church,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">17 % are members of the Catholic Church,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">17 % are members of the anthroposophic "Christengemeinschaft" (founded in 1922 in cooperation with Rudolf Steiner but without him being a member and still without acknowledgement of the official and established protestant church in </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Germany</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">10 % are members of Judaism, Buddhism or other religious communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">We can recognize a development towards more Catholics (27 %) and less members of the "Christengemeinschaft" (12 %) among the younger persons of the study group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Church-membership <i>and</i> attitude towards Steiner philosophy as demographic factors:</b><br /><br />There is not so much difference in the identification with anthroposopical philosophy of Rudolf Steiner among members of a church and non-members of a traditional church. Only the members of the "Christengemeinschaft" identify significantly more with the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner. Maybe they belong to the ideological “inner core” of the Steiner movement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />Among the 692 <i>with</i> children, <b>60 %</b> are members of a church and <b>40 %</b> are non-members. Among the 352 <i>without</i> children, <b>50 %</b> are members of a church and <b>50 %</b> are non-members. (</span><a href="http://www.waldorf-absolventen.de/files/Kopf_1_Lauf_4.pdf"><span lang="EN-GB">15, p. 193</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) Among the 692 <i>with</i> children, <b>43 %</b> have a positive attitude towards the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner and <b>56 %</b> do not. Among the 352 <i>without</i> children, only <b>34 %</b> have a positive attitude towards the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner and <b>65 %</b> do not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />Thus, we can conclude that church-membership as well as a positive attitude towards the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner have positive effects on the birth rate. But church-membership has even <i>stronger</i> positive effects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Religious orientation in a broader sense:</b> The 1.124 were also asked to answer "Yes" or "No" to the sentence: <i>"The thought about a higher cosmic order gives meaning and orientation to my life."</i> </span>(<i>"Der Gedanke an eine höhere kosmische Ordnung gibt mir Sinn und Orientierung in meinem Leben."</i>) <span lang="EN-GB">58 % answered "Yes."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /><b>Discussion</b><br /><br />What can be said about the results all in all? Birth rates of church-members with Waldorf-education seem to mirror the birth rates of church-members of </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Germany</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB"> as a whole. They are also slightly above the average.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />But the most remarkable result is: Non-church-members with Waldorf-education seem to have birth rates not very much below birth rates of church-members. And because non-membership of churches in this group is above the average compared to the whole of </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Germany</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">, the birth rate of people following an anthroposophic lifestyle which is slightly above the average cannot only be caused by the church-members in their rows. The non-members among them <i>also</i> have birth rates slightly above the average compared to </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Germany</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB"> as a whole - and at least compared to non-members of churches of the whole of </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">Germany</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />This is simply what can be said at the moment about the published data. For a deeper understanding of the religious demography of people following an anthroposophic lifestyle we have to await more precise data than those published until now. E. g., there is still no answer to the question, if church-members have bigger families (i.e. more than two children) than non-church-members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />Michael Ebertz interpreted the results saying (16) that there are two kinds of religiosity in modern people (21). On the one hand there is the institutionalized one: people are members of churches. But on the other hand there is another one which he calls the "universal religion" that means the belief <i>"in a higher cosmic order of the world"</i>. He also calls it <i>"vitalistic"</i> worldview – let me call it “monism” in the sense of Ernst Haeckel. Ebertz also assumes that the former kind of religion is often overlapped by the second kind of religiosity that differs in many ways from the former. And the data show that this second kind of religiosity seems to be able to influence the birth rates as well. - At least when it is framed by a social setting like the one of an "anthroposophic lifestyle".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br />And, to my mind, it is of the utmost importance to underline again that this modern belief and religion Albert Einstein and many other people and scientists have adhered to – or that is not refused by people like Richard Dawkins has also the quality - <i>by principle</i> - to establish a "reproductive regime" that seems to be necessary for the demographic survival of the western world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span><st1:personname><span lang="EN-GB">Ingo Bading</span></st1:personname><span lang="EN-GB">, M.A., </span><st1:place><st1:city><span lang="EN-GB">Berlin</span></st1:city><span lang="EN-GB">, </span><st1:country-region><span lang="EN-GB">Germany</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">_____________________<br /><br />*) One may presume even more within a pure naturalistic worldview - and together with philosopher John Leslie or palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris (4): That religiosity itself is hidden in the inner heart of all natural existence, in the heart of the big bang ("anthropic principle"), in the heart of evolution and human evolution - in the past as well as in the present and future. And this may be the reason, why human religiosity in itself has often such a high level of evolutionary adaptability. Even if these thoughts are only hypotheses, not proved facts, they can give motivation to formulate hypotheses that more easily can be proved than the philosophical hypotheses as such.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">_________________<br /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">1. Wilson, David Sloan: </span><st1:city><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">Darwin</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">'s Cathedral. Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. </span><st1:place><st1:placetype><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">University</span></st1:placetype><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;"> of </span><st1:placename><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">Chicago</span></st1:placename></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;"> Press 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">2. </span><span style="font-size: 10;"><a href="http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/sosis/publications/index.htm"><span lang="EN-GB">Sosis, Richard (2000 - 2008)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">3. </span><span style="font-size: 10;"><a href="http://www.blume-religionswissenschaft.de/english/index_english.html"><span lang="EN-GB">Blume, Michael (2006 - 2007)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">4. </span><st1:city><st1:place><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">Conway</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;"> Morris, Simon: Life's Solution. Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe. </span><st1:place><st1:placename><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">Cambridge</span></st1:placename><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;"> </span><st1:placetype><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">University</span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;"> Press 2003<br />5. Cochran, Gregory; Hardy, Jason; Harpending, Henry: Natural history of Ashkenazi Intelligence.</span><span style="font-size: 10;"><a href="http://scholar.google.de/scholar?hl=de&lr=&cluster=13997765027732651164"><span lang="EN-GB"> Journal of Biosocial Science, 2006</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">6. Dawkins, Richard: The God Delusion. 2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">7. Blume, Michael: Anthroposophie - Religionsdemographische Betrachtungen von </span><st1:personname><span style="font-size: 10;">Ingo Bading</span></st1:personname><span style="font-size: 10;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">At: </span><span style="font-size: 10;"><a href="http://religionswissenschaft.twoday.net/stories/4720604/"><span lang="EN-GB">"Religionswissenschaft aus Freude", Scienceblog of Michael Blume, 20.02.2008</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">, see </span><span style="font-size: 10;"><a href="http://religionswissenschaft.twoday.net/stories/4720604/"><span lang="EN-GB">here</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">8. Roland Unkelbach u.a.: Unterschiede zwischen Patienten schulmedizinischer und anthroposophischer Hausärzte. In: Forsch Komplementärmed 2006; 13:349–355, Published online: November 3, 2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">9. Gunver S. Kienlea u.a.: Anthroposophische Medizin: Health Technology Assessment Bericht – Kurzfassung. In: Forsch Komplementärmed 2006; 13 (suppl 2):7–18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">10. Helen Flöistrup u.a.: Allergic disease and sensitization in Steiner school children. In: J Allergy Clin Immunol, January 2006, Available online </span><st1:date day="29" month="11" year="2005"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">November 29, 2005</span></st1:date><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">11. Harald J. Hamre u.a.: Anthroposophic vs. conventional therapy of acute respiratory and ear infections: a prospective outcomes study. In: Wien Klin Wochenschr (2005) 117/7–8: 256–268<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">12. H. J. Hamre u.a: Anthroposophic therapies in chronic disease: the anthroposophic medicine outcomes study (AMOS). In: Eur J Med Res (2004) 9: 351-360<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">13. Johan S Alm u.a.: Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle. </span><span style="font-size: 10;">In: Lancet 1999; 353: 1485 – 88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">14. Barz, Heiner; Randoll, Dirk (Hg.): Absolventen von Waldorfschulen. Eine empirische Studie zu Bildung und Lebensgestaltung. 2. Aufl. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2007 (<a href="http://astore.amazon.de/studiumgenera-21/detail/3531156063/028-4576856-1192537">St. gen.-Bookshop</a>) [important parts of the text, introduction and formulars - all in german - can bee found at: <a href="http://www.waldorf-absolventen.de/">www.waldorf-absolventen.de</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">15. Randoll, Dirk; Barz, Heiner: Absolventenstudie zur Waldorf-Pädagogik (Deutschland). Tabellenband 1. (free download - <a href="http://www.waldorf-absolventen.de/files/Kopf_1_Lauf_4.pdf"><b>pdf.</b></a> ---> <a href="http://www.waldorf-absolventen.de/downloads.html"><b>here</b></a>.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">16. Ebertz, Michael N.: Was glauben die Ehemaligen? </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">(= What do believe people that have experienced Waldorf-education?) In: see 14., p. 133 – 160<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10;">17. </span><span style="font-size: 10;">Hörtreiter, F.: Anthroposophie und christlicher Glaube. Eine Erwiderung auf Bernhard Grom SJ. In: Materialdienst der EZW 68/2005, S. 251 - 255 (---> <a href="http://www.ekd.de/ezw/42714_materialdienst_7_2005.php">here</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">18. Bading, Ingo: Anthroposophen: Akademiker-lastige Gruppierung mit leicht überdurchschnittlicher Geburtenrate. At: Scienceblog <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/01/anthroposophen-akademiker-lastige.html">"Studium generale", 22.01.2008</a> (---> <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/01/anthroposophen-akademiker-lastige.html">here</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">19. Bading, Ingo: Anthroposophen: Auch Neue (nicht-monotheistische) Religiosität in westlichen Gesellschaften erhöht Geburtenrate. At: Scienceblog <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/02/anthroposophen-sind-keine-ausgeprgten.html">"Studium generale", 15.2.2008</a> (---> <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/02/anthroposophen-sind-keine-ausgeprgten.html">here</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">20. Bading, Ingo: Auch die konfessionslosen anthroposophisch Orientierten haben eine überdurchschnittliche Geburtenrate. At: Scienceblog <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/02/auch-die-konfessionslosen.html">"Studium generale", 17.2.2008</a> (---> <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/02/auch-die-konfessionslosen.html">here</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">21. Campiche, Roland J.: Die zwei Gesichter der Religion. Faszination und Entzauberung. Zürich 2004<br />22. Bading, Ingo: Die Atheisten in Deutschland sind stark "Männer-lastig". At: Scienceblog <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2007/11/die-atheisten-in-deutschland-sind-stark.html">"Studium generale", 20.11.2007</a> (---> <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2007/11/die-atheisten-in-deutschland-sind-stark.html">here</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">23. Salcher, Ernst: Ergebnisse der Befragung der Förderkreismitglieder der Giordano Bruno-Stiftung (Juli-September 2007) (<a href="http://www.giordano-bruno-stiftung.de/FKGBS/umfrageerg1.pdf">pdf.</a>) (free download: ---> <a href="http://www.giordano-bruno-stiftung.de/FKGBS/umfrageerg1.pdf">here</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10;">24. Bading, Ingo: Die positiven demographischen Auswirkungen eines anthroposophischen Lebensstils - Diskussion weiterer Details. At: Scienceblog <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/02/die-positiven-demographischen.html">"Studium generale", 26.2.2008</a> (---> <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2008/02/die-positiven-demographischen.html">here</a>)</span></div>
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25. Assmann, Jan: Die Mosaische Unterscheidung oder der Preis des Monotheismus. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2003 (The Mosaic distinction)Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-37784946882473194182008-01-14T13:01:00.000+01:002020-03-01T07:53:12.520+01:00Dennett on Gould<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Published 2008</td></tr>
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An excerpt of an interview led by Dan Schneider with Daniel Dennett. About: Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould">Wiki</a>). (First at <a href="http://books.monstersandcritics.com/interviews/printer_1321215.php">"Monsters and Critiques"</a>, July 2007) (1):<br />
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<b>M & C: (...) Before I move on to Consciousness Explained, let me sidestep a moment to your views on the late Stephen Jay Gould? You spent a good </b><b>portion of 'Darwins Dangerous Idea' (= DDI) 'tattooing his intellectual ass.' What did you think of him as a thinker, scientist, and man? I ask because there was a famed brouhaha between the two of you. My opinion of Gould is generally favorable. In <a href="http://www.cosmoetica.com/B330-DES270.htm" target="_blank">an essay </a>and review of his final book I wrote: </b> </div>
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<i>Yes, he had faults. His almost comical misinterpretation of the fossils found in the Burgess Shale, in his 1989 book Wonderful Life (one of his few published books that was not a collection of previously published essays), was totally devastated by Simon Conway Morris's 1998 book The Crucible Of Creation. He also denied that there were any trends in evolution when arguing against linearity or determinism, an addendum which kyboshed an otherwise valid point. (...) To his credit, in this book's preface, Gould admits his occasional faux pas: 'Although I have frequently advanced wrong, or even stupid, arguments, at least I have never been lazy.'</i></div>
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<b>Would you generally agree with that assessment? You too seem to feel Gould totally flubbed the Burgess Shale fossils. In effect, he claimed that the Cambrian Explosion could have led to wholly different bodily forms than the symmetrical sort we see now. He mistook body parts for whole bodies, looked at front ends of bodies as rears, ups as downs, etc., and generally tried to impose his presuppositions for reality. Yet, despite that, he was a tireless defender of rationalism, even if his conclusions differed from others. If you agree with that view of Gould, why the hell are not real debates and disagreements in science, such as you vs. Gould, put out for debate amongst the masses? (...) </b></div>
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Daniel Dennett: I see Gould quite differently. He was an academic bully, who exploited his scientific credentials to push his political views - or maybe they were closer to religious views. (Remember: I started out as a friend of his; I often attended his seminars at Harvard but eventually I got so annoyed with the way he would misrepresent his critics and bully the students that I had to leave.) When I wrote DDI, I knew I was going to have to expose Gould's history of misrepresentation - since he was going to hate my book, and would pillory it with his usual tricks if I didn't attempt to preempt that vilification effort with an analysis of his own work. Gould had been selling America a watered-down and distorted version of basic evolutionary theory for decades, and when I pointed this out, he reacted--not unreasonably!-- with a venomous attack on what he called my "Darwinian fundamentalism," but, you know, the evolutionary biology community knew I was right, and said so. (I am not alone in incurring Gould's wrath: I'm proud to stand with Richard Dawkins, the late, great John Maynard Smith and Steve Pinker, as sane and forthright a team of "fundamentalists" as one could ask for.).</div>
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<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li>The Dan Schneider Interview 2: Daniel Dennett, first posted 7/1/07, http://www.cosmoetica.com/DSI2.htm </li>
<li>Dan Schneider: Review of Stephen Jay Gould’s I Have Landed, 2/17/06, <a href="http://www.cosmoetica.com/B330-DES270.htm">http://www.cosmoetica.com/B330-DES270.htm</a> </li>
<li>Ronald Bailey: Philosopher Daniel Dennett On Religion, Gould and UFOs at Monsters & Critics, 7.11.2007, <a href="https://reason.com/2007/07/11/philosopher-daniel-dennett-on/">https://reason.com/2007/07/11/philosopher-daniel-dennett-on/</a> </li>
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Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-51258789001373423222007-08-14T08:20:00.000+02:002008-02-18T13:29:35.598+01:00Evolution of Religion - according to D. S. Wilson<div style="text-align: justify;">David Sloan Wilson has a very important piece of critique of "The God Delusion" of Richard Dawkins. (<a href="http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/07-07-04.html#feature">Skeptic</a>) <span style="font-style: italic;">"I recently attended a conference on evolution and religion in Hawaii that provided an opportunity to assess the state of the field."</span> He gives a good overview of new research in the field. And he gives some very interesting informations about the ascetic ideals of the indian Janism (deutsch: <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismus">Jainismus</a>):<br /></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">...<br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"> Jainism is one of the oldest and most ascetic of all the eastern religions and is practiced by approximately three percent of the Indian population. Jain ascetics filter the air they breathe, the water they drink, and sweep the path in front of them to avoid killing any creature no matter how small. They are homeless, without possessions, and sometimes even fast themselves to death by taking a vow of “santhara” that is celebrated by the entire community. How could such a religion benefit either individuals or groups in a practical sense? It is easy to conclude from the sight of an emaciated Jain ascetic that the religion is indeed a cultural disease — until one reads the scholarly literature. </p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> It turns out that Jain ascetics comprise a tiny fraction of the religion, whose lay members are among the wealthiest merchants in India. Throughout their long history, Jains have filled an economic niche similar to the Jews in Western Europe, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and other merchant societies. In all cases, trading over long distances and plying volatile markets such as the gem trade requires a high degree of trust among trading partners, which is provided by the religion. Even the most esoteric (to outsiders) elements of the religion are not superfluous byproducts but perform important practical work. </p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"> For example, the ascetics must obtain their food by begging but their religion includes so many food restrictions that they can only accept food from the most pious lay Jain households. Moreover, the principle of non-action dictates that they can only accept small amounts of food from each household that was not prepared with the ascetics in mind. When they enter a house, they inspect the premises and subject the occupants to sharp questions about their moral purity before accepting their food. It is a mark of great honor to be visited but of great shame if the ascetics leave without food. In effect, the food begging system of the ascetics functions as an important policing mechanism for the community. This is only one of many examples, as summarized by Jainism scholar James Laidlaw in a 1995 book whose title says it all: <em>Riches and Renunciation: Religion, Economy, and Society Among the Jains</em>. </p><div style="text-align: justify;"> <blockquote> <p> How then, is it possible to live by impossible ideals? The advantage for addressing this question to Jainism is that the problem is so very graphic there. The demands of Jain asceticism have a pretty good claim to be the most uncompromising of any enduring historical tradition: the most aggressively impractical set of injunctions which any large number of diverse families and communities has ever tried to live by. They have done so, albeit in a turbulent history of change, schism, and occasionally recriminatory “reform,” for well over two millennia. This directs our attention to the fact that yawning gaps between hope and reality are not necessarily dysfunctions of social organization, or deviations from religious systems. The fact that lay Jains make up what is — in thoroughly worldly material terms — one of the most conspicuously successful communities in India, only makes more striking and visible a question which must also arise in the case of the renouncers themselves.</p></blockquote></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><p></p> </blockquote></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-77732099652744012332007-07-31T21:17:00.000+02:002011-10-09T17:32:08.281+02:00Charles Lindbergh - a philosopher in life and death<div style="text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Lindbergh</td></tr>
</tbody></table>An american reader of <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/">my german blog</a> has asked me about the content of my german posts about Charles Lindbergh. Here I give some parts of my answer to him. My English is very bad. Sorry for this. If there is anyone out there, who would like to go through it and make it better, I would appreciate it very much. Mostly I'm interested to communicate content - and not to look for the best style. But I'm aware that this is not very polite.<br />
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It would take some time to translate into english everything I have written about Lindbergh on my blog. But if I learn about more interest into it, in the future I can try to write more about Lindbergh in english - if there is an opportunitiy for me. - As you can see: Mostly my thoughts about Lindbergh are based on the english literature.<br />
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But I can try to give you here a short account of my thoughts about Lindbergh.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Lindbergh died a very “philosophical” death</span><br />
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The first step for me was, that I was very impressed to learn in A. Scott Berg's biography about all what was going on in the days before the death of Charles Lindbergh. In my eyes he died like a "king". With a lot of philosophical souvereignty. And about this I was deeply impressed. And all my other questions stem from there: What sort of man was Lindbergh, that he was able to die with such an attitude? (With such earnestness and at the same time with such "coolness".)<br />
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So, first, I thought, it is important to understand, what it had meant in those days to be a pioneer with planes: always risk of death. In <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2007/06/der-tod-ist-gleich-hier-neben-dir-aus.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">this posting</a><a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2007/06/der-tod-ist-gleich-hier-neben-dir-aus.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> </a>I refer mostly to a letter and other thoughts, that his wife Anne has written, when one of his best friends, Phil Love came to death by an accident on 4th June 1943. I think this is the most important part of the diaries of Anne between 1939 to 44, because here she speaks about things, Charles Lindbergh for himself seldom is speaking about: "Death is always side by side with you." - And she speaks about the meaning of friendship for Lindbergh that is formed in days when they lived with every-day possibility of death by accident.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">2. His interest in science</span><br />
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And as a pioneer you know more about this than everyone else. But there is more. There is his interest into the science of Alexis Carrel. Here I hope to learn a lot new things from the forthcoming book "The Immortalists". (<a href="http://www.amazon.de/Immortalists-Charles-Lindbergh-Alexis-Forever/dp/006052815X/ref=sr_1_5/028-3579940-9646961?ie=UTF8&s=books-intl-de&qid=1185909702&sr=8-5">Amazon</a>) They had a lot of philosophical discussions of which not very much is known to us yet (as it seems to me - I do not know the literature very well). But may be this new book has more about all that. It is at the one side his pragmatic attitude in thinking about life and death - like a pure materialist - and on the other side ... difficult! It has something to do with courageness, with the will to live, with his idealism. In simple words: To be aware of death gives you more conscienceness for life.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>This easily sounds like a triviality. But I think, this is all, what Charles Lindbergh's life has to say to us. And if you see, that someone shows in his own life, what this insight means for him, everything has another looking. And all this we can find in another aspect of his life mostly: his three german wifes and his seven german children. This story is very new and full of surprisings. The new german book of Rudolf Schröck (2005) (<a href="http://www.amazon.de/Das-Doppelleben-Charles-Lindbergh/dp/3453620135/ref=sr_1_1/028-3579940-9646961?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1185909827&sr=8-1">Amazon</a>) has a lot of content, non-german-speaking readers cannot be aware of. I have tried to give an overview about the most important content of this book in <a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/2007/06/ein-absolut-einzigartig-liebender.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">my german posting</a>. But I have not the opportunity now, to repeat all that here. "Life will work it out" was one of Lindbergh's words and his german children are happy to have had such a father. They learned and know more about their father than his american children - this is often the impression you get, if you read this new book. And all this has shown (to me): Philosophy and life were one thing for Lindbergh.<br />
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For example it is very surprising to learn, that Lindbergh - according to the diaries of his wife - in 1941 (or so) said to her, that it is most impressiv, that a women who is handicapped (not inherited) can have children, that are <span style="font-style: italic;">not</span> at all handicapped. And 20 years later he came together with two sisters in Munich and had children with them, who <span style="font-style: italic;">were</span> handicapped (not inherited). His german children had often discussions with their mother about death. And his first german wife had the same attitude to death and her own death as Charles Lindbergh had. She died 2001 with very like the same souvereignty.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">3. His three german families</span><br />
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And she had the same "will for life" and the same will to give birth to children - even in a world, that can give you only pessimistic outlooks. Lindbergh was disappointed about his wife Anne, when she said in 1946 or so, that she had enough children now. He always wished to have as many children as the Kennedy family had - or more. He spoke about 12 or so. This was his will for life and his longing for "immortality", I think. - But may be with the new book we will learn more about that.<br />
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I was disappointed about the autobiography of Lindbergh himself. I were not able to find there very much of what I had hoped for: A better understanding of his deeper personality. He makes a lot of very nice words. But I have learned more about his attitude towards life and death from his german children in the mentioned book of Rudolf Schröck.<br />
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So, this is only a "shorter version", of what I had to say yet about Lindbergh on my german blog. May be I will write more, if I have read the new book "The Immortalists".</div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-26006958582622055342007-07-04T22:07:00.000+02:002011-10-10T17:44:41.546+02:00"On the Biological Sucess of Faith"<div style="text-align: justify;">Michael Blume is engaged in the scientific study of religion. (<a href="http://www.blume-religionswissenschaft.de/english/index_english.html">Blume</a> ) Now he has a new article about his thoughts and research: <span style="font-style: italic;">"Religion and Demography - On the Biological Sucess of Faith"</span>. (<a href="http://religionswissenschaft.twoday.net/stories/4032850/">Blume</a>)<br />
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I think, his work is a good beginning with this very important theme. But if you think some time about all this, you can recognize the reason, why traditional monotheistic religion is good for the reproductive sucess of the believers. Atheism as a broader movement in society is only 100 years old at the moment. What was the situation of Christianity 100 years after its beginnings? A roman historian like Tacitus, who lived in the 2nd century didn't know very much about this "jewish sect", the "Christians". At that time no one could forsee, that it would be exactly this and only this religious group between the broad religious pluralism of the Roman Empire, that would have the best reproductive sucess of the next 2000 years. This was the result of selection, of cultural and genetic individual and group selection processes of the next 500 years.<br />
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So, if there is no group between the very pluralistic "group" of modern atheists that has more children than the believers of monotheistic faith at the moment, than this could mean, that we are now in this selection process (cultural and genetic individual and group selection), that will establish in the next decades and centuries a new strategy of social life, in which non-monotheistic people will have enough children as well.<br />
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At least this is the goal a lot of people who are working in family politics and beyond in our days.</div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-15630426692575821442007-06-16T12:27:00.000+02:002019-04-18T09:48:23.095+02:00"Race" - A good overview of the debate<div style="text-align: justify;">
Once more Razib Khan has a very good post about "race" (<a href="http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2007/06/race-tnr-debate.php">Gene Expression</a>) concerning a discussion at the middle-left journal "The New Republic".<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.jungewelt.de/img/1100/97981.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="700" height="374" src="https://www.jungewelt.de/img/1100/97981.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abb. 1: Translaters of Francis Galton's "Hereditary Genius" into German 1910 (1): Anna Schapire-Neurath and Otto Neurath</td></tr>
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;">A commenter, P.G. Hi<span class="byline">qman, </span>at "Gene Expression" has made this posting there, that I think is worth reading, because it gives a good overview of the debate:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline">I am not currently a subscriber to TNR, nevertheless this the message that I would post there if I were a subscriber.---</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> In his primary article Mr. Chowkwanyun made a couple of fleeting references to Francis Galton and Franz Boas, this is appropriate since they are the most influential developers of the opposing Galtonian (Hereditarian/Essentialist) and Boasian (Environmentalist/Cultural-causation) theories pertaining to inter-ethnoracial group differences in mental ability. </span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> The Galtonian theory was promulgated first at the University of London (sometimes it is referred to as the “London school of differential psychology” to contrast it with the Environmentalist American behaviorist school founded by John Watson and B.F. Skinner).</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline">The Galtonian movement included figures such as Karl Pearson, Charles Spearman, Cyril Burt (yes I am aware that years after his death he was accused of faking some of his research--but more recent research has possibly absolved him of this charge and in fact numerous more recent twin studies have shown that the heritability of intelligence as measured in adults is about 70 to 80 % due to genes--which is what Burt originally claimed--thus even if some of Burt’s data were faked subsequent research has now validated his major claim), Philip Vernon, Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck. More recent champions of the Galtonian view have included Arthur Jensen, Thomas Bouchard, J.P. Rushton, Richard Herrnstein, Charles Murray, Richard Lynn, and Linda Gottfredson.</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline">Many pro-Galtonian articles including a recent 2005 review article “THIRTY YEARS OF RESEARCH ON RACE DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE ABILITY” by Jensen and Rushton can be found at Gottfredson’s (http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/ index.html</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> ) and Rushton’s (http://psychology.uwo.ca/faculty/ rushton_pubs.htm</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> ) websites.</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline">In the field of anthropology, prominent Galtonians have included Carleton Coon, Vincent Sarich, and Henry Harpending. Also many people associated with sociobiology such as William Hamilton, Edward O. Wilson, and Steven Pinker been rather receptive toward the considering the Galtonian viewpoint and this perhaps explains why Boasians such as Lewontin and Gould were so critical of Sociobiology. </span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> Anti-Galtonian Environmentalist views had been espoused by earlier figures such as Léonce Pierre Manouvrier in France and Rudolf Virchow and Adolf Bastian in Germany (actually they were both mentors of Boas), but the man who really turned the world’s intellectual tide against the Galtonian view was the German Jew Franz Boaz. After earning a PhD in Physics at Kiel, Boas soon became interested in primitive peoples (he studied the Eskimos on Baffin Island). Influenced by Virchow and Bastian, Boas convinced himself that cultural differences--but not innate essential differences--were the cause for the vast differences observed between primitive savage peoples and advanced civilized peoples. Boas eventually moved to America and became the most influential anthropologist of the 20th Century. In the post war era, Boasians rapidly came to dominate anthropology and all of the other social sciences. Prominent Boasians include figures such as Melville Herskovits, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Otto Klineberg, Horace Mann Bond, Ashley Montagu, Sherwood Washburn, Gunnar Myrdal, Gordon Allport, Ned Block, Richard Lewontin, Stephen Jay Gould, Leon Kamin, Claude Steele, Jonathan Marks, Jared Diamond, Richard Nisbett, James Flynn, Abigail Thernstrom, Howard Gardner, and Robert Sternberg.</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> Mr. Chowkwanyun implied that The Bell Curve was universally denounced by the academic establishment, but actually this is not true. Herrnstein’s and Murray’s views were roundly denounced by the Boasian academic establishment but about fifty of the most prominent professors in the academic disciplines that are actually most closely concerned with the subject (i.e. differential psychology/psychometrics) actually published a statement largely agreeing with the viewpoints of The Bell Curve (a letter published in 1994 Wall Street Journal now available at Gottfredson’s website). Thus it appears that many of the academics who truly are experts on the topic of IQ actually find the Galtonian perspective to be more plausible than the Boasian view.</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> Ethnic and racial group differences in IQ and socioeconomic status are not limited just to the American white/black issue. Some groups such as East Asians (Han Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese) and Jews when compared to Gentile whites have significantly higher average IQs and SES. Conversely some groups such as Native Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans have significantly lower average IQs and SES compared to Gentile whites. These empirical facts greatly distress the Boasians who fervently hope for a fantasy utopian world in which all ethnic and racial groups will manage to exhibit the same average IQs and SES. Boasians often extol the virtue of appreciating ethnic diversity but they are inconsistent in that they require people to steadfastly ignore the immense ethnic diversity that exists with regard to IQ. All true Boasians long for the day when all ethnic groups will be represented equally in prestigious positions of business ownership and at elite universities. They of course gloss over the inconvenient fact that this would greatly impinge on the interests of members of high-IQ minority groups (e.g. Jews and East Asians) who often are represented at elite universities and in elite professions at levels 5 to 10 fold higher than their demographic proportion would justify under a true Boasian model of fair equity. Are these Boasian proponents of affirmative action really ready to inform more than 80% of Jews and East Asians that they should curtail their career goals in order to avoid garnering an “unfairly” large proportion of elite job positions? Because in order to be consistent, strict Boasians such as Mr. Chowkwanyun must insist that these elite jobs be evenly distributed amongst all ethnic/racial groups! Is Mr. Chowkwanyun satisfied with the ethnic/racial make-up of his own history department at Penn? Or does his department resemble most departments at elite universities wherein certain high IQ-ethnoracial groups such as Jews and Asians occupy about 30 to 60% of the positions even though their “fair” demographic proportion (according to a truly Boasian sense of fairness) is a fraction about 5 to 10 fold lower. In contrast modern Galtonians do not believe in unfairly discriminating against individuals, instead Galtonians have the attitude that if some ethnic groups are more talented or more intelligent and thus are better suited for certain jobs then it is no problem if they gain a huge proportion of the jobs for which they are well suited.</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> Several prominent experts on IQ and genetics (John Defries, Robert Plomin, Ian Deary and others) have shown that the same genes that influence variation in IQ also influence variation in academic achievement--particularly on mathematics tests Plomin calls these genes that influence both intelligence and academic prowess the “generalist genes for g” (the scientific notation for the general intelligence factor is “g”). Thus to Galtonians it is no surprise that black American students invariably perform about one standard deviation lower than whites on math exams because of course all social scientists realize that black Americans have IQs that are about one standard deviation lower than white Americans. This of course engenders immense consternation in the Boasian-dominated education and social science establishments which continually demand that the black/white academic achievement gap be closed because according to the Boasian establishment everyone knows the academic achievement gap is entirely due to racism and certainly not due to ethnic genetic diversity.</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> Thomas Sowell of Stanford’s Hoover Institute and Amy Chua of Yale Law (she is one of Justin Shubow’s professors?) found that conflict and resentment associated with inter-ethnic disparities in wealth and academic achievement are not just limited to the USA but instead are found world wide where ever talented minority groups dominate the elite positions in business and academia (e.g. high castes in India, Jews in Russia, Caucasians in Latin America, Arabs and Indians in Africa, and Indians and in particular ethnic-Han Chinese in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Southeast Asia). As Gottfredson pointed out in her 2005 paper “What if the Hereditarian hypothesis is true”, many victims of genocide and mob violence are actually members of the higher achieving minority group. These higher achieving minority groups probably possess higher innate IQs and are often victimized by the lower IQ majority indigenous group members who resent them because in accordance with popular modern Boasian principles they can not let themselves believe that the higher achieving minority group members (due to their higher innate intelligence) are deserving of their higher proportion of elite positions in business, academia and government; thus the lower-IQ majority group lashes out at the higher achieving group. The higher achieving minority groups then become victims of violence (e.g. white Zimbabwean farmers and Han Chinese business owners in Malaysia and Indonesia) and sometimes even genocide (e.g. Armenians in Turkey, Jews in Axis Europe, Ibo in Nigeria, educated Cambodians during Pol Pot, and recently Tutsis in Rwanda). </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span><span class="byline"><br />(...) </span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline">Given that Caltech Southern California is one of the most elite Math/Tech schools in the world, I would thus estimate that Caltech math majors have IQs in the range of 145 and above (i.e. over three standard deviations higher than the white mean of IQ 100). (...) 31 Californians who earned perfect scores on the 1999 statewide Mathematics competition (http://www.mathleague.com/reports/1999_00/ CA5.HTM). Examination of the California state academic achievement math test scores shows that every year ethnically-Chinese students on average perform at a level about 0.8 standard deviation higher than white students (http://star.cde.ca.gov/star2006/index.asp</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> ); thus indicating an average IQ of 112 for the Californian Chinese population (15 points on the IQ scale correspond to a one standard deviation difference on cognitive test results). Of note, regarding the math test (...), one can conclude from examining the names of those thirty other ultra-high IQ youths with perfect test scores that about 75% appear to be of Asian or Jewish ethnicity. Of course this is exactly as would be predicted by Galtonian theory. In contrast, Boasian theory ludicrously predicts that if gentile white, black or Hispanic children were raised in Jewish or Asian home environments then they would be just as intelligent as the Jewish and Asian youth because Boasians believe that ethnic and racial differences in IQ are transmitted via cultural differences and not via genetic differences. How many of you people really believe that? In fact during the past couple of decades numerous studies from around the world in the fields of social psychology and psychometrics have found that the home environment (called the shared environment by psychologists) actually has no influence whatsoever on variation in adult IQ when the family genetic transmission effects are accounted for. In addition, and highly damning to the Boasian theory, Weinberg and Scarr actually performed a study in Minnesota in which white, black and half black-half white infants were adopted into upper middle class white homes. When the adoptees were young children there was some evidence that the higher IQ white home environment was possibly raising their IQs; however as the adopted children grew into adulthood the black adoptees’ IQs decreased down to the same low levels as the IQs of other Minnesotan blacks and the black/white mixed race children showed IQs intermediate between the black and white norms; again exactly as would be predicted by Galtonian theory and exactly the opposite of what Boasian theory would predict.</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #783f04;"><span class="byline"> Mr. Chowkwanyun should probably continue to remain ignorant of ethnoracial genetic science and psychometrics because if he ever became at all knowledgeable about human genomics, cognitive neuroscience, and psychometric research then doubtless someone with his high intelligence would very quickly grasp the fact that Jensen and the other modern Galtonians are really on the correct scientific course in their brave efforts to gain a true understanding of our world’s ethnoracial diversity as pertains to differences in mental ability and in socioeconomic status. So please Mr. Chowkwanyun, for your sake, so that you do not have to execute an embarrassing turnaround in your view point, please continue to prevent yourself from ever studying the books and articles of Galtonians such as Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, Charles Murray, Robert Plomin, Ian Deary, and Linda Gottfredson. Far safer and more comforting for you to remain a puerile ignoramus and continue to mindlessly spout tired old Boasian cliches that are politically correct but scientifically nonsensical.</span></span></b><br />
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<span class="byline">___________________________________________</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span class="byline">Francis Galton: Genie und Vererbung. Leipzig 1910, translation into German by Otto Neurath and Anna Schapire-Neurath, <a href="https://archive.org/details/genieundvererbun00galt">https://archive.org/details/genieundvererbun00galt</a> </span></li>
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Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-77382998880171898342007-06-12T15:33:00.000+02:002011-10-09T17:23:05.516+02:00"Race, Religion and Inheritance" - A discussion at Durham University<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-mpZp5NQiPiuUx64Biu3lea60I1yB_ek3BeOygmgHTS4xn3LsyI7vCRj_P26oJwRR2yiy1eU8ln478hkFqozo4m-1Br0A1Oax1dehJNRAJFBTb0SIfHlMpb3ts6Ble1TNK0Z3epI4peQ/s1600-h/26th+April+Panel+Members.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5075171884806006898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-mpZp5NQiPiuUx64Biu3lea60I1yB_ek3BeOygmgHTS4xn3LsyI7vCRj_P26oJwRR2yiy1eU8ln478hkFqozo4m-1Br0A1Oax1dehJNRAJFBTb0SIfHlMpb3ts6Ble1TNK0Z3epI4peQ/s400/26th+April+Panel+Members.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px;" /></a>In the last post, we had an article about The Institute of Advanced Study at Durham University discussing "Race, Religion and Inheritance". Here is now the official report on <a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/ias/news/?itemno=5296">their website</a>:</div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;">On 26th April 2007 Durham University publically launched its Institute of Advanced Study by hosting a debate on Race, Religion and Inheritance at Durham Castle.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">One topic that has emerged from the Institute's inaugural theme, 'The Legacy of Charles Darwin' concerns <span style="font-weight: bold;">the relationship between classification and responsible knowing</span>. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Is it possible to develop means of classifying that are not divisive, harmful, or exclusionary, and especially among the human races and faith systems?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the April 26 round-table debate, the Institute's interest in classification turned to the question of <span style="font-weight: bold;">whether classes are pre-given, whether human taxonomy is hard-wired</span>. This was a question of fundamental public interest, in the context of current controversies relating to the origins of racial and religious beliefs. We are seeing the resurgence of biological readings of race and racial difference, the rise and rise of religious fundamentalism, and growing bi-centennial public interest in the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. These controversies – and possible solutions relating to religious and racial tolerance and understanding – hinge around the unresolved problem of whether differences of behaviour, disposition, and affect are inherited, and if they are, through what kind of evolutionary mechanism.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The panel of distinguished speakers included:</div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;">John Hedley Brooke (IAS Fellow, Professor of History of Science at the Ian Ramsey Centre, Oxford University, and author of the prize-winning book Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives); </span><span style="font-size: 85%;">Madeleine Bunting (Author, Guardian columnist, and recipient of the Race in Media award by the Commission for Racial Equality in 2005);</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 85%;">Robin Dunbar (Professor of Evolutionary Psychology at the University of Liverpool, Fellow of the British Academy and author of The Human Story);</span><span style="font-size: 85%;">John Dupré (IAS Fellow, Philosopher of Science at Exeter University, Director of the ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society, and author of the celebrated book The Disorder of Things);</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 85%;">Anthony P Monaco (Professor of Human Genetics and Director of the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University)</span></div></blockquote><blockquote>The debate was chaired by Durham University's new Vice-Chancellor, Professor Christopher Higgins.A full transcript and video recording of this event will be available in due course.Last modified: 17th May 2007</blockquote><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>It would be of special interest to have more information about this discussion.Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-46183593675413927022007-06-12T12:50:00.000+02:002008-02-18T13:27:39.519+01:00The population genetics of inborn religious traits<div style="text-align: justify;">At Gene Expression I cannot find anything about this (<a href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=68405">Medicalnewstoday</a>). Are they sleeping?<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">What Makes A Racist? And Other Provocative Questions </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">At The Institute Of Advanced Study Debate, Durham University, April 26, 2007</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Some of the world's finest scientists, writers and evolutionary thinkers are converging on Durham for a major event which will examine provocative questions relating to fundamental human beliefs and spirituality.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The debate, to be hosted by the University's pioneering think tank, the Institute of Advanced Study, will debate two key issues: 'Are we born racist or do we become racist?', and 'Is religion inherited or acquired?'.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The event will be chaired by Durham University's new Vice Chancellor, world-renowned scientist and evolutionary geneticist, Professor Chris Higgins, and discussions will be stimulated by a round table of leading experts in their field.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Professor Ash Amin, Director of the Institute of Advanced Study, outlined the inspiration for the event:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"9/11, the wider war on terror, and the intensifying clash of world civilizations are reinforcing essentialist understandings of human difference and recognition. <span style="font-weight: bold;">We are seeing the resurgence of biological readings of race and racial difference</span>, the rise and rise of religious fundamentalism, and <span style="font-weight: bold;">growing skepticism towards secularist and socially negotiated principles of living with difference</span>.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"These shifts, as well as possible solutions relating to religious and racial tolerance and understanding, hinge around the unresolved problem of <span style="font-weight: bold;">whether differences of behaviour, disposition, and affect are inherited, and, if they are, through what evolutionary mechanism</span>?"</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Prof Amin added: "The panel aims to confront <span style="font-weight: bold;">thinking in genetics and evolutionary psychology on the carriers and nature of inherited traits and on the speed with which beliefs become part of the inherited human hardwiring</span>."</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The April 26 event is part of a programme organised by the Institute of Advanced Study, whose theme for 2007 is the Legacy of Charles Darwin. On the same day, the eminent Darwin scholar Professor Michael Ruse from Florida State University will give a public lecture that will take on the various critics of evolutionary theory and will argue that 'Darwinism' remains the jewel in the crown of science.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The IAS, which opened last October, is becoming one of the major global centres of interdisciplinary study. It gathers together world-class scholars, intellectuals and public figures from around the globe and across all disciplines, to address topics of major intellectual, scientific or public and policy interest. Future annual topics will include Modelling, and Being Human.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">One of the panel members at the April 26 event, Professor John Brooke, a science historian at Oxford University and an IAS fellow, will be contending the notion that our religious beliefs are 'hard-wired'. He said: "We should not seek to isolate some peculiar religious susceptibility and try to account for it in terms of the latest voguish science.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"Rather I would see the capacity for a religious response to the world as simply an extension of the perfectly normal capacities that make us human. I am thinking of our capacity for fellowship with others, of our ability to express a sense of gratitude for the fact that we exist at all, and a capacity to empathise with those who suffer."</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Other panellists are the Guardian columnist, Madeline Bunting; Professor Robin Dunbar, an evolutionary psychologist at Liverpool University; John Dupre, Professor of the Philosophy of Science at Exeter University; Professor Anthony Monaco, Director of the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics at Oxford University. </span><br /><br /></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-92059258367631767782007-05-27T16:34:00.000+02:002007-05-27T17:16:17.325+02:00The Sogdians in China II<div style="text-align: justify;">The comments on <a href="http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2007/05/round-eyed-chinese-part-n.php">"Gene Expression"</a> give some more information. My own:<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline">The Sogdians were part of the Persian Empire. We know Persian art and from that we know, what sort of people the elite of the Persian Empire was. We know Scythian art and from that we know, what sort of people the Scythians were. The Sogdians were a part of this "spectrum" between these peoples.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> In this book </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> Haussig, Hans Wilhelm: Archäologie und Kunst der Seidenstraße. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1992</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> you can find at least 12 pieces of old chinese (or japanese) art of the Tang area showing "Westerners". Mostly No. 438 (p. 255) is very convincingly for me ("five musicians on a camel"). But several others too.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> In this book</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> Etienne de La Vaissiere: Sogdian Traders. A history. Leiden 2005</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> you can find also some pieces of art. Plate IV: "Chinese statuettes representing Sogdians: 1 Caravaneer, 2 Merchant on foot, 3 Groom."</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> (It is very interesting also, that the Huns, who made history in Europe after 375, had made a lot of "experiences" before and after that with the Sogdians in Central Asia. Mostly the Sogdians were allies of the Huns like like the Goths and other germanic tribes in the West.) (Yu Hong was an ambessedor between China and the Huns.)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> The Sogdians had long traditions of political experiences with several great cultures (Chinese, India, Persia, Byzanz, the Huns, the Tocharian kingdoms in the Tarim ...) and they were proud of that. They were embassadors between the huns and Byzanz also (in favor of "free market and trade"). On their wall pictures of Old-Samarkand and Pentshikent they had historical scences of several empires, their regents and their religions.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> </span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"> I'm not fully clear yet about the relationships between Tocharians and Sogdians. It seems that Tocharians flet from the invasion of the Huns to the Sogdians (and to Ferghana?) and founded new kingdoms there. Another part of the Tocharians stayed in the Tarim and in Kansu. But the Sogdians clearly were different from them, probably were more "specialists" in far distance trade.</span><br /><br />And the very informed comment by John J. Emerson, a specialist in Chinese history:<br /><br /><span class="byline"><span style="font-style: italic;">The Sogdians were sometimes part of the Persian Emperor and sometimes not. They spoke what might be called a dialect of Persian, though it could also be called a related language. As time went on they became increasingly Turkified, with long periods of bilingualism and intermarriage. There remain Tajiks speaking Turkish in that area today, though I don't believe that they're specifically descendants of Sogdians; Sogdian specifically is probably extinct, or perhaps linguistically represented by a small mountain people long separated from the Sogdian past. As far as I know they were Middle Eastern in type.</span></span><br /><span class="byline"> </span><br /><span class="byline"><span style="font-style: italic;"> The geographical perspective on these peoples is the most interesting. Central Asia East of Persia, north of India, south and east of the steppe, and west of China (i.e. Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, and neighboring areas) was a mix of deserts, mountains and oases. This area has been the farthest reach of China, Persia, Russia, Alexander the Great, and the Arab Muslims, but the area was often independent and was the home base of Tamerlane, Genghis Khan (in a sense), and the Mughals. It also served as a refuge for survivor peoples such as the Manichaeans, the Tokharians, and the Nestorians. </span></span><br /><span class="byline"> </span><br /><span class="byline"><span style="font-style: italic;"> The small but very productive oases were urbanized very early, and their main world significance was as a trade link between China, the Persian Middle East, and India.</span></span><br /><span class="byline"> </span><br /><span class="byline"><span style="font-style: italic;"> Anyway, the Sogdians ere dominant here from 300 BC or earlier but gradually became Persianized and/or Turkified. (However, Sogdians were a force in China as late as 900 AD). The process seems to have been mostly peaceful rather than by conquest or extermination -- the Sogdians were middlemen who had to be multilingual, and they were always cutting deals with the more powerful peoples of Persia, Mongolia, and China. </span></span><br /><span class="byline"> </span><br /><span class="byline"><span style="font-style: italic;"> The Tokharians were a whole different story, and seem to have come from the NW. Their dialect and race are thought to have been W. European rather than Middle Eastern. They survived (as Buddhists) in Xinjiang up until 1000 AD or later, and around the period 100 BC -- 200 AD they may have been (it's not certain) the rulers of the Kushan kingdom in approximately Afghanistan. The Kushans are very poorly known. One interesting thing about them is that they were in some ways heirs of the Bactrian Greeks (using Greek script on some coins), and the Kushans played a major role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism and its transmission to China. </span></span><br /><span class="byline"> </span><br /><span class="byline"><span style="font-style: italic;"> Most empires privilege specialized minority peoples or sects, either as middlemen to the outside world, as mercenaries, or as agents dependent on and loyal to the ruler. This is much different than multiculturalism and multinationalism; it's more a divide and conquer strategy. Historically favored minorities (and trading minorities) I can think of immediately include Jews, Armenians, Albanians, Sogdians, Uighurs, Baha'is, Lombards, Norse (in Constantinople), Lebanese, Greeks, Italians, Gurkhas, Irish, Quakers, Chinese (in SE Asia), and some of the peoples of India. (I've mixed up mercenaries, technical experts, and trading peoples, but the dynamic is about the same).</span></span><br /><span class="byline"> </span><br /><span class="byline"><span style="font-style: italic;"> My point, anyway, is that cultural uniformity is really not often found, and that a degree of cultural pluralism is characteristic of empires and large trading networks.</span></span><br /><span class="byline"></span><br /><span class="byline"><span style="font-weight: bold;">I have problems with his assumption, that the Sogdians were </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"Middle Eastern in Type"</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">.</span> The Persians and the Scythians weren't Middle Eastern in type in their art and the Chinese art shows no Middle Eastern type for Sogdians also. And Chinese art was very aware of all the slightly physical differences of all the diverse ethnies in the West (Tibetians, Huns, Sogdians, Indians ...) But John Emerson is right, that the Sogdians </span><span class="byline"><span style="font-style: italic;">"became Persianized and/or Turkified". </span></span><span class="byline">- May be partly "Tocharianized" too? </span><span class="byline" id="TextDisplay"><br /><br />The point of all this for me is: Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Usbekistan and Xiangjang are very poor countries today, but this wasn't always so. Highly urbanized cultures sunken in the sands comparable to Egypt, Meso-America, Irak, Greece ... <span style="font-weight: bold;">New examples of the collapse of complex societies.</span><br /><br />Another new comment from me over there:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline"><a href="http://www.chinaheritagequarterl...w.inc&%20issue=001">Here</a> is some usefull information about Sogdians and their graves in China today.<br /><br />And <a href="http://www.sairamtour.com/">this</a> is interesting too:<br /><br />"According to Chinese monk-pilgrim of the 7th century Xuan Zang, <b>half of Sogdian population was engaged in farming, whereas the other half carried on trade</b>. (...) At the age of five, the boys studied books, and after getting their teens they were sent to learn trading. Having reached their 20th year, young men went to neighboring lands to engage in profitable trade."<br /><br />And La Vaissier ("Sogdian Traders", 2005) says about the Sogdian communities in every larger Chinese city and their leaders, the "Sabaos" (p. 152): "But it is quite exceptional that <b>every hu" (that means Sogdian) "community of at least 200 households</b> - the equivalent of a large village - <b>should have been provided with a representive of mandarin rank</b>. The smallest Chinese area having at its head a representative of the central power was normally the district (xian). The leaders of the township, and a fortiori those of the village and quarter, were chosen among the local notables and did not have mandarin rank. The sabao, therefore, should not have had such a position. Only the fact, that they were in charge of foreign communities explains this special treatment, which attests to the economic importance of the communities, incommensurable with the number of their members."</span><br /><span class="byline" id="TextDisplay"></span></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-87738826145189637012007-05-26T15:16:00.000+02:002007-05-27T16:35:11.826+02:00The Sogdians in China<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/05/070524-china-dna.html">National Geographic</a> has a new article about the genetical studies concerning the Sogdian leader Yu Hong in a Tang-chinese grave. (<a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/search?q=sogder">Studium generale</a>)<br /><br />Yu Hong was a <b>"Sogdian"</b>. Dienekes had some links to the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, which had more information about this people and about this grave.<br /><br />I have made some studies about the Sogdians in the last weeks. (<a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/search?q=sogder">Studium generale</a>) The Sogdians came mostly from Samarkand and the rich and economically whealthy "Sogdiana". Roxana, the first wife of Alexander the Great was a sogdian princess. The Sogdians were mostly rich traders (caravaniers) between Korea and Byzanz. And they made a lot of politics in this area. They had communities in the Tarim-area and far beyond.<br /><br />In the chinese art of the Tang area often you can find pieces that shows "Foreigners", "Westerners". Mostly they were Sogdians. Often they are shown as comedians, dancers, musicians. They made several religions spread in East Asia (Buddhism, Manichaeism and others).<br /><br />In China they have now found several graves of Sogdian leaders. Often they were mandarin's and had high positions in the chinese administration.<br /><br />Over on my german blog I have more information (and some pictures and english links) about them. (<a href="http://studgendeutsch.blogspot.com/search?q=sogder">Studium generale</a>) And <a href="http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2007/05/round-eyed-chinese-part-n.php">"Gene Expression" </a>has something.<br /></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-88934418659628064152007-05-24T20:37:00.000+02:002007-05-24T20:48:45.456+02:00"Evolutionary biology's version of e = mc2"<div style="text-align: justify;">Here is a little piece of Lee Alan Dugatkin about his newest book concerning the evolution of altruism. (<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-lee-alan-dugatkin/the-evolution-of-goodness_b_44330.html">Huffingtonpost</a>)<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">As long as there have been scientists, they have been interested in goodness. Why are some people good, and others not? In fact, we can cast the net more generally, and ask about goodness in nonhumans, as well as humans, and examine whether the process of evolution by natural selection can explain such actions.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"> I talk about this at length in my new book, </span><em style="font-style: italic;">The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search for the Origins of Goodness</em><em style="font-style: italic;"> </em><span style="font-style: italic;">(Princeton University Press, 2006), but here is a condensed version of the story. Evolutionary biology's interest in goodness can be traced back at least as far as Charles Darwin. (...)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">It would take almost a hundred years before a shy, reserved, and brilliant British biologist named William D. Hamilton would settle all the arguments about blood kinship and altruism with a nifty little mathematical equation.</span> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"> Hamilton, an evolutionary biologist by training, came at the question of altruism and blood kinship the way that an economist would; indeed his Ph.D. in biology was done in part at The London School of Economics. He began by defining three terms─the genetic relatedness between individuals (labeled r), the cost of an act of goodness (c), and the benefit that a recipient obtained when someone was nice to him or her. Then, using some eloquent--in fact, beautiful-- mathematics, in 1963, Hamilton found that altruism and blood kinship are not linked by an all-or-nothing relationship. Instead, what is now known as "Hamilton's Rule" states that altruism evolves whenever r times b is greater than c. In other words, if the cost of altruism is made up by enough genetic relatives receiving benefits, then altruism spreads; otherwise it does not. Phrased in the cold language of natural selection, relatives are worth helping in direct proportion to their genetic relatedness.</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"> Literally thousands of experiments in both nonhumans and humans show the power of Hamilton's Rule. <span style="font-weight: bold;">This little equation is evolutionary biology's version of e = mc2. </span>Over and over, we see that an analysis of the costs and benefits of altruism, along with genetic relatedness, allows us to predict the presence or absence of altruism. This is a truly remarkable finding.</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"> Hamilton's Rule, of course, does not explain all altruism, nor did Bill Hamilton think it did. Another large chunk of goodness falls under the category of reciprocity--you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours. Individuals are sometimes willing to be altruistic to someone now in the expectation that they will, in turn, be helped when they need it. Evolutionary biologists have been almost as interested in this type of altruism as in kinship-based altruism. And, amazingly enough, it was Bill Hamilton, along with political scientist Robert Axelrod, who formalized the models behind the evolution of reciprocity. Following up on some work done by Robert Trivers in the early 1970s, in 1981 Axelrod and Hamilton used a mathematical technique called game theory to predict when "reciprocal altruism" should evolve. Again, scores of empirical studies followed up the model. Reciprocity can be complex, but an evolutionary perspective has cleared the haze here the same way it did when it came to blood kinship and altruism.</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-style: italic;"> If goodness is a problem, then the answer─or at the very least, part of the answer─can be found in evolutionary biology.</p>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-66649213281738653962007-05-13T08:07:00.000+02:002007-05-13T08:13:30.603+02:00Darwinian conservatism - bad and good<div style="text-align: justify;">Larry Arnhart has some very important things to say about Harvey Mansfield, his book "Manliness" and his nihilistic interpretation of the philosophical thinking of F. Nietzsche. (<a href="http://darwinianconservatism.blogspot.com/2007/05/mansfield-nietzsche-and-strauss.html">Arnhart Blog</a>) I read about some thoughts of this book of Mansfield with a lot of sympathy, but it is only now that I recognize, that Mansfield uses his thoughts to make support of the policy of G.W. Bush. This is nearly too silly to belief it. From Nietzsche to Leo Strauss to G.W. Bush! Awfull. I'm very happy, that Arnhart is most critically about this. What sort of a bad philosophy and of a bad political doctrine.<br /><br />Arnhart says: <span style="font-style: italic;">"Darwinian science affirms thumos as expressing the natural desires for status and political rule, desires that belong to our evolved human nature. But Darwinian science would also affirm the natural desire to be free from the exploitative dominance of thumotic men, which supports the need for limited government under the rule of law."</span> - In Germany we have Peter Sloterdijk who has good thoughts about <span style="font-style: italic;">"thumotic emotions"</span> and the need of a psychological theory about them. He says, people like Sigmund Freud had missed to think about them enough. (In his book "Zorn und Zeit", 2006) I hope, he will not also go in the steps of Mansfield.</div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-86703157776742825922007-05-10T09:04:00.000+02:002007-05-10T09:14:15.182+02:00"PZ Myers doesn't know anything ..."<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2007/05/notes-on-eugenics.php">Gene expression</a> has a very good article about eugenics and IQ-(population-)genetics - a theme treated by "famous" PZ Myers.<br /><br />Some things become trivial scientifically if you repeat them too often. And so Utah's geneticist Gregory Cochran is right in his short commentary: <span style="font-style: italic;">"</span><span style="font-style: italic;" class="byline">Probably PZ Myers doesn't know anything about quantitative or population genetics. I hear they're old hat."<br /><br /></span>- But these are themes that not only have to be discussed by scientists, they have to be discussed by the whole society. And this in no way trivial any longer.<br /></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-7755065301772085892007-05-07T20:08:00.000+02:002007-05-07T20:13:57.284+02:00Ravens and Intelligence<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,476266,00.html">This</a> is a very, very nice article about ravens. It has a lot of new implications. Konrad Lorenz would be very, very happy to learn about his successors in science. It was a very great surprise for me to learn so much new things about this birds and - for expample - about their ability for deception. It is good, that "Spiegel" has translated it into English.<br /></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-23995303788825849452007-05-07T10:32:00.000+02:002008-12-11T21:09:47.698+01:00American Conservatism and - - - Evolution<div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWF7_UyL34DPpvSaRqJNRdPvoTOxMrszf_qtJslDSpzVZo5OtM140LiIOB82RgbGHO5ugIS3sKndbBvRHPxD3fz2HGXJv7rfhWxeSnJV5GNN3s1_vVvR1EnOKRbKpAc3Nbdt5M6OZAn-w/s1600-h/Arnhart.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWF7_UyL34DPpvSaRqJNRdPvoTOxMrszf_qtJslDSpzVZo5OtM140LiIOB82RgbGHO5ugIS3sKndbBvRHPxD3fz2HGXJv7rfhWxeSnJV5GNN3s1_vVvR1EnOKRbKpAc3Nbdt5M6OZAn-w/s400/Arnhart.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5061736480290948162" border="0" /></a>The conservatives in the US begin to think more seriously about evolutionary theory and evolutionary psychology. (<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/05/us/politics/05darwin.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">New York Times</a>, [<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/05/us/politics/05darwin.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print">whole page</a>]), one of the proponents is Larry Arnhart (photo on the left). The titel of his book is "Darwinian Conservatism". (<a href="http://www.amazon.de/Darwinian-Conservatism-Societas-Larry-Arnhart/dp/0907845991/ref=sr_1_1/303-0957910-3980268?ie=UTF8&s=books-intl-de&qid=1178527553&sr=1-1">Amazon</a>)<br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">... Some of these thinkers have gone one step further, arguing that Darwin’s scientific theories about the evolution of species can be applied to today’s patterns of human behavior, and that natural selection can provide support for many bedrock conservative ideas, like traditional social roles for men and women, free-market capitalism and governmental checks and balances.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">“I do indeed believe conservatives need Charles Darwin,” said Larry Arnhart, a professor of political science at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, who has spearheaded the cause. “The intellectual vitality of conservatism in the 21st century will depend on the success of conservatives in appealing to advances in the biology of human nature as confirming conservative thought.”</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">(...)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The fledgling field of evolutionary psychology also spurred some conservatives to invoke Darwinism in the 1990s. In “The Moral Sense” (1993), followed by “The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families” (2002), </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/james_q_wilson/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about James Q. Wilson">James Q. Wilson</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> used evolution to explain the genesis of morality and to support traditional family and sex roles. Conservative thinkers from Francis Fukuyama to Richard Pipes have drawn on evolutionary psychology to support ideas like a natural human desire for private property and a biological basis for morality.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">(...)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Mr. Arnhart, in his 2005 book, “Darwinian Conservatism,” tackled the issue of conservatism’s compatibility with evolutionary theory head on, saying Darwinists and conservatives share a similar view of human beings: they are imperfect; they have organized in male-dominated hierarchies; they have a natural instinct for accumulation and power; and their moral thought has evolved over time.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The institutions that successfully evolved to deal with this natural order were conservative ones, founded in sentiment, tradition and judgment, like limited government and a system of balances to curb unchecked power, he explains. Unlike leftists, who assume “a utopian vision of human nature” liberated from the constraints of biology, Mr. Arnhart says, conservatives assume that evolved social traditions have more wisdom than rationally planned reforms.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">While Darwinism does not resolve specific policy debates, Mr. Arnhart said in an interview on Thursday, it can provide overarching guidelines. Policies that are in tune with human nature, for example, like a male military or traditional social and sex roles, he said, are more likely to succeed. He added that “moral sympathy for the suffering of fellow human beings” allows for aid to the poor, weak and ill.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">(...)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">As for Mr. Derbyshire, he would not say whether he thought evolutionary theory was good or bad for conservatism; the only thing that mattered was whether it was true. And, he said, if that turns out to be “bad for conservatives, then so much the worse for conservatism.”</span></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-32937283551226423552007-05-01T11:13:00.000+02:002008-02-18T13:32:44.103+01:00"Dembski left before the Q&A session was over ..."<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://90percenttrue.com/2007/04/24/simon-conway-morris/">Here</a> is a nice, a <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">very </span>nice account about a speak, Conway Morris has given - and about the reaction of William Dembski: <span style="font-style: italic;">"I was hoping for more fun from Dembski, but he left before the Q&A session was over."</span><br /><br />Here are two other articles (<a href="http://www.baylor.edu/Lariat/news.php?action=story&story=45459">Baylor University</a>, <a href="http://english.gospelherald.com/article/education/758/section/christian.origins.expert.promotes.evolution.at.texas.universities/1.htm">The Gospel Herald</a>).<br /></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-51208266033278673782007-04-21T22:04:00.000+02:002008-02-18T13:27:39.520+01:00The first woman about evolution of religiousness<div style="text-align: justify;">I have not yet read the new book of primatologist Barbara J. King <span style="font-style: italic;">"Evolving god"</span> (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Evolving-God-Provocative-Origins-Religion/dp/0385511043/ref=sr_1_1/104-9933857-6716738?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1177184421&sr=8-1">Amazon</a>) - but it seems, that this is <span style="font-weight: bold;">the first book</span> about the evolution of religiousness <span style="font-weight: bold;">written by a women</span>. And it seems to me, that she has a very fresh and "female" look into religion. Isn't it a surprise to recognize that all other books about religion and evolution at the moment are written by men? (Look for example this list: <a href="http://chronicle.com/temp/reprint.php?id=w4r1q7lrr4rkng6hmkzv96zbmg3rg2db">Chronicle</a>) It is very surprising, because we know from scientific insight, that woman have more interest than men in religion and religious activity. And even if Barbara J. King gives not a whole lot of more new good <span style="font-style: italic;">arguments </span>and <span style="font-style: italic;">facts</span> about the evolution of religiousness - most importantly is, it seems to me, that she gives a new <span style="font-style: italic;">"feeling"</span> while reasoning about religion. Her main point is <span style="font-style: italic;">"belongingness"</span>. Have you ever heart about such a thing from another author writing about religion? And why not? - They are men!<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"Biological anthropologist King contends that religion, conceived as a system not of beliefs but of actions, not as theology but as worship, is a consequence of primate evolution. </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">It proceeds</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, she posits, </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">from the sense of group membership</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> that highly developed mammals, especially the great apes, demonstrate in many ways but most saliently for religion when they show </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">concern for a group member that has died</span><span style="font-style: italic;">."</span> (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Evolving-God-Provocative-Origins-Religion/dp/0385511043/ref=sr_1_1/104-9933857-6716738?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1177184421&sr=8-1">Amazon</a>)<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"King draws upon cutting-edge research in primatology to demonstrate that once animals are capable of </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">emotional attachments and cognitive empathy</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, they are ready for—and even appear to require—certain intangibles like a belief in something greater than themselves." "It's true that the book requires some enormous argumentative leaps; it's a long stretch from demonstrating that contemporary primates have emotional attachments to claiming that they are then capable of creating religions, as King maintains human beings once did. But even readers who close the book unconvinced will be impressed by King's fresh insights and her lucid writing, which is a jargon-free, story-filled model."</span> (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Evolving-God-Provocative-Origins-Religion/dp/0385511043/ref=sr_1_1/104-9933857-6716738?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1177184421&sr=8-1">Amazon</a>)<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">... The origins of the religious impulse. King finds this in what she calls belongingness, "mattering to someone who matters to you," a trait found in contemporary humans but also in our human and non-human primate ancestors.</span> (<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Evolving-God-Provocative-Origins-Religion/dp/0385511043/ref=sr_1_1/104-9933857-6716738?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1177184421&sr=8-1">Amazon</a>, Customer Reviews)<br /><br /><i>'Evolving God</i>' <span style="font-style: italic;">has the added merit of pushing beyond the Abrahamic "big three," including a handy account of religious archaeology. King's touchstone is "belongingness," the idea that "hominids turned to the sacred realm because <span style="font-weight: bold;">they evolved to relate in deeply emotional ways with their social partners</span>, ... and because the human brain evolved to allow an extension of this belongingness beyond the here and now."</span> David Barash (<a href="http://chronicle.com/temp/reprint.php?id=w4r1q7lrr4rkng6hmkzv96zbmg3rg2db">The Chronicle of Higher Education </a>) Barbara King says (according to Barash): <span style="font-style: italic;">"At bedrock is the belief that one may be seen, heard, protected, harmed, loved, frightened, or soothed by interaction with God, gods, or spirits." </span><br /></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-16648620354890346022007-04-20T19:22:00.000+02:002008-12-11T21:09:47.958+01:00School shooter II - Was there a chance for him?A lot of new information about Cho Seung-Hui.<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />1. About his grandfather and the sister of his grandfather, his great-aunt Yang-Sun, in South Korea: <span style="font-style: italic;">"Yang-Sun revealed the eight-year-old was diagnosed as autistic soon after his family </span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSpwyCyXnM82HUOTUyNKOMg4naDN5w2udzfxBZ3vL_6nn9fUtSN4bz21Cr7A6Xad81dGzm88ce-w5hOumAYXgrr4sLgLvGklCG13AQIlWqneKRvld2UNmTGmmW0rjU19RIM0js-_ulEgs/s1600-h/Yang-Sun.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSpwyCyXnM82HUOTUyNKOMg4naDN5w2udzfxBZ3vL_6nn9fUtSN4bz21Cr7A6Xad81dGzm88ce-w5hOumAYXgrr4sLgLvGklCG13AQIlWqneKRvld2UNmTGmmW0rjU19RIM0js-_ulEgs/s400/Yang-Sun.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5055563611111694690" border="0" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">emigrated to the US."</span> She said: <span style="font-style: italic;">"Both his parents knew he had mental problems but <span style="font-weight: bold;">they were poor and they couldn't send him to a special hospital</span> in the United States. His mother and sister were asking his friends to help instead. His parents worked and did not have time to look after his condition and didn't give him special treatment. They had no time or money to look after his special problem even though they knew he was autistic." </span><span>(<a href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/tm_method=full%26objectid=18931479%26siteid=89520-name_page.html">Mirror.co.uk</a>)</span><span> So, if you take this seriously, than Cho Seung-Hui was right to be full of hate against the rich people. They should listen more seriously to his words.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />2. That he imitated several movie thrillers, mostly a famous South Korean movie called "Oldboy": <span style="font-style: italic;">" ... It tells the story of a man's struggle to understand why he is being tormented. In the final scenes Dae-Su furiously confronts his enemies with guns, hammers and knives. The result is a bloodbath." </span>(<a href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/tm_method=full%26objectid=18931717%26siteid=89520-name_page.html">Mirror.co.uk</a>)<span style="font-style: italic;"> - </span><span>Do we really need such movies?</span><br /><br /><span>3. One girl he had stalked two years ago said:</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> "Once, he claimed he had been rejected by a girl and talked about wanting to beat her up." </span><span>(= überfallen, verprügeln)</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><span>(<a href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/tm_headline=maniac-stalked-us--say-2-girls--&method=full&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;objectid=18931659&siteid=89520-name_page.html">Mirror.co.uk</a>)</span><br /><br /><span>And - may be - most interesting:</span><br /><br /><span>4. </span><span style="font-style: italic;">"Ross Alameddine sat near Cho for months in a class on horror films and literature. Both students were required to keep what were known as 'fear journals', in which they chronicled their reactions to the material covered in class and their own fears. </span><span style="font-style: italic;">(...) </span><span style="font-style: italic;">On Monday, Cho killed him."</span> (But obviously not with the intention to kill exactly him.) <span style="font-style: italic;">" 'We had a whole discussion on serial killers,' one student said</span><span style="font-style: italic;">, who asked that she not be named because she wanted to avoid a crush of attention from the news media.</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> Cho never spoke during the discussion, she said, but he took notes. The student was in another class with Cho: a 10-person workshop on playwriting, during which she grew fascinated by him. </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">'In all honesty, I took a huge interest in him last semester,'</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> she said. 'I actually tried to follow him after class one day, but he got on a bike and I couldn't keep up. He had a red bicycle.' " </span><span>(<a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/classmates-staff-reached-out-to-a-tortured-mind/2007/04/20/1176697093378.html">smh.com</a>) (<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/20/us/20english.html?th=&emc=th&pagewanted=all">NYT</a>)</span><br /><br /><span>It was a women he had looked for help - as the stalking shows. And there has been one, who took interest in him. And he didn't know that - as it seems.</span></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5181009700226178209.post-35405858661172622902007-04-19T22:00:00.000+02:002008-12-11T21:09:48.494+01:00Forced by public opinion ...<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VgVDT53WQh0/RifEppu0ITI/AAAAAAAAAVg/HijAQn3BA4I/s1600-h/070418_zahnweh_wasser_dpa.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VgVDT53WQh0/RifEppu0ITI/AAAAAAAAAVg/HijAQn3BA4I/s400/070418_zahnweh_wasser_dpa.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5055225326602559794" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VgVDT53WQh0/RifEpZu0ISI/AAAAAAAAAVY/6stOaB2M5wc/s1600-h/070408_ball_dpa.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_VgVDT53WQh0/RifEpZu0ISI/AAAAAAAAAVY/6stOaB2M5wc/s400/070408_ball_dpa.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5055225322307592482" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VgVDT53WQh0/RifEppu0IUI/AAAAAAAAAVo/a5KgFTvrfhY/s1600-h/070405_knut_12_ddp.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VgVDT53WQh0/RifEppu0IUI/AAAAAAAAAVo/a5KgFTvrfhY/s400/070405_knut_12_ddp.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5055225326602559810" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;">(<a href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/knut/">Tagesspiegel</a>, <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_%28Eisb%C3%A4r%29">Wikipedia</a>)<br /></div>Ingo Badinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03090794366290908769noreply@blogger.com0